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Cortical NO interneurons from embryogenesis to functions
Neuronal processing and physiology rely on a delicate interplay between glutamatergic excitatory neurons and GABAergic inhibitory interneurons in a spatially, temporally and cell-type specific manner. Understanding these processes is complicated further by the large diversity characterizing the cerebral cortex. Although recent advances have significantly improved our knowledge of its neuronal types, the identity and the roles of several subpopulations of GABAergic interneurons remain elusive. Presumably, because of their apparent paucity, their diversity, the highly labile nature of nitric oxide (NO) as well as its pleiotropic actions, the functional importance of NO-producing GABAergic interneurons is particularly enigmatic. This Research Topic will cover the different aspects of cortical NO interneurons, from their diversity, embryonic origins to their functions in the cortical circuit and physiology.
Targeting Ion Channels for Drug Discovery: Emerging Challenges for High Throughput Screening Technologies
Ligand and voltage-gated ion channels are highly regulated protein molecules that cross the cell membrane allowing ion flow from one side of the membrane to the other. They are ubiquitously expressed in human tissues and consist of one of the largest and best understood functional groups of proteins, with more than 400 members spanning nearly 1% of the human genome. They are involved in a variety of fundamental physiological processes, and their malfunction causes numerous diseases. In terms of the challenges faced in the effort to discover specific drugs in ancient and emerging diseases, ion channels are the third-largest class of target proteins after G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) an...
At The Top of the Interneuronal Pyramid – Calretinin Expressing Cortical Interneurons
It is in general well appreciated that the cortical interneurons play various important roles in cortical neuronal networks both in normal and pathological states. Based on connectivity pattern, developmental, morphological and electrophysiological properties, distinct subgroups of GABAergic interneurons can be differentiated in the neocortex as well as in the hippocampal formation. In this E-Book, we are focusing our attention on inhibitory interneurons expressing calcium-binding protein calretinin (CR). The aim of the E-Book is to consolidate the knowledge about this interneuronal population and to inspire further research on the function and malfunction of these neurons, which – functionally – seem to stand "at the top of the pyramid" of cortical interneuronal types.
Brain Cholinergic Mechanisms
Much of our understanding of brain physiology has focused on what one might call, first order processes. These essentially include the primary synaptic mechanisms underlying excitation (mainly glutamate) and inhibition (mainly GABA). Our attention has focused on how the balance of excitation and inhibition regulates the timing, patterns, and extent of information flow across various circuits. A lot less is understood regarding second order processes that sculpt and modify these primary interactions. One such modulatory transmitter in the brain is acetylcholine (ACh). The importance of ACh in modulating various behaviors related to learning, memory, and attention has been recognized over the ...
Dynamics of cyclic nucleotide signaling in neurons
Cyclic nucleotides control a number of neuronal properties including neuronal differentiation, pathfinding, regulation of excitability and synaptic transmission, and control of gene expression. Signaling events mediated by cAMP or cGMP are transient and take place within the complex 3-dimensional structure of the neuronal cell. Signaling events happen on the time scale of seconds to minutes and the biological significance of the temporal dimension remains poorly understood. Structural features of neurons (dendritic spines and branches, cell body, nucleus, axon…) as well as AKAPs and other scaffolding proteins that keep signaling enzymes together and form "signaling microdomains", are criti...
Bioluminescence And Chemiluminescence: Chemistry, Biology And Applications
In life science, bioluminescence and chemiluminescence have become a vital tool for laboratory analysis and biomedical imaging both in academic research and industrial product development. The latest advances in this exciting field, from fundamental research to cutting-edge applications, are explored in this most recent volume of the biannual symposium series, the Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence.The volume highlights advances in fundamental knowledge about the origins and mechanisms of naturally occurring luminescence, including luciferases from firefly, beetle, marine, bacterial and fungal sources. Developments in instrumentation are presented, together with a wide variety of optical imaging applications for light-emitting gene expressions in optical imaging, such as imaging of gene expression and protein folding in cells, tissues and live animals. In particular, the various contributors describe in detail the use of light-emitting bacteria and viruses for the detection and therapy of tumors, as was highlighted in the symposium.
