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The Polish Biographical Dictionary
Profiles nearly 900 prominent Poles in all walks of life, beginning with Mieszko I, who in 963 united six tribes to form the nation of Poland, and continuing up to the country's present. Ten saints and 11 Nobel Prize winners are among the subjects, as are the inventor of the automobile windshield wi
Świat ksiązki
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Codes of culture
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Z historii PRL
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Cross Purposes
No other symbol is as omnipresent in Poland as the cross. This multilayered and contradictory icon features prominently in public spaces and state institutions. It is anchored in the country's visual history, inspires protest culture, and dominates urban and rural landscapes. The cross recalls Poland's historic struggles for independence and anti-Communist dissent, but it also encapsulates the country's current position in Europe as a self-avowed bulwark of Christianity and a champion of conservative values. It is both a national symbol - defining the boundaries of Polishness in opposition to a changing constellation of the country's Others - and a key object of contestation in the creative arts and political culture. Despite its long history, the cross has never been systematically studied as a political symbol in its capacity to mobilize for action and solidify power structures. Cross Purposes is the first cultural history of the cross in modern Poland, deconstructing this key symbol and exploring how it has been deployed in different political battles.
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