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Petroleum "black gold" is the most important nonrenewable source of energy. It is a complex mixture of different phases and components. Refining it provides a vast number of organic compounds, all of them of which are used to produce petroleum based products for numerous applications, from industry to medicine, from clothing to food industries. We can find petroleum based products all around us. This book deals with some important topics related to petroleum such as its chemical composition and stability. It is well-known that the chemical composition of crude oil differs according to the site of production, and its grade varies from waxy to asphaltenic crude. Both of them are refined to produce different products. The stability of crude oil on aging and transportation is governed by several factors and these factors are included within this book. Some new technologies for petroleum characterization are also introduced. This book is aimed at researchers, chemical engineers and people working within the petroleum industry.
Petroleum crude oil is the main energy source worldwide. However, global fossil fuel resources and reservoirs are rapidly and disturbingly being depleted. Thus, it is particularly important to shed light on new techniques developed for economic production and better utilization of crude oil. In addition, the processes involved in the production, refining, and transportation of crude oil are environmentally hazardous. It is essential to develop cleaner technologies and to find innovative solutions to overcome these problems. Over four sections, this book discusses materials used in cracking crude oil and improving its specifications, methods for reducing or eliminating the hazardous effects of petroleum pollution, and the environmental effects of crude oil, as well as presents case studies from different countries.
This reference book provides a comprehensive overview of natural gums, resins, and latexes of plants with a focus on their chemistry, biological activities, and practical uses. The content is divided into five main sections each of which contains chapters contributed from valuable experts in their field. Naturally occuring plant products have quite diverse applications in many different industries. The book aims to highlight the important aspects of plant-based gums, resins and latexes as well as provide a strategic framework for further research and development activities on these bioproducts. It will appeal to a broad audience such as biologists, pharmacologists, pharmacists, food technologists and medical practitioners. It is also a useful resource for research investigators of the healthcare industry, academia and students of biomedical sciences.
Waste to Profit: Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development gives information about selecting the most suitable technology for waste treatment and energy recovery under different conditions. It contains techno-economic analysis, life cycle assessment, optimization of tools and technologies, including overview of various technologies involved in the treatment of wastes and factors influencing the involved processes. Finally, it explores the environmental, socioeconomic, and sustainability impact of different waste-to-energy systems. Features: Reviews energy sources and technologies from waste, their environmental interactions, and the relevant global energy policies Provides overview ...
Bioinspired materials can be defined as the organic or inorganic materials that mimic naturally occurring substances. With applications in a number of fields such as biomedical, chemical, mechanical, and civil engineering, research on the development of biologically-inspired materials is essential to further advancement. Emerging Research on Bioinspired Materials Engineering provides insight on fabrication strategies for bioinspired materials as well as a collective review of their current and prospective applications. Highlighting essential research on bioinspired processes and the nano-structural, physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical aspects of biologically-inspired materials, this timely publication is an ideal reference source for engineers, researchers, scholars, and graduate students in the fields of materials science and engineering, nanotechnology, biotechnology, and biomedical materials science.
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Industrial wastewater can contain many toxic pollutants as well as varying concentrations of organic and inorganic matter. These pollutants can be carcinogenic, mutagenic, or hardly biodegradable, which could cause serious human health risks and also affect other aquatic and terrestrial biota as well. Biological treatment techniques for industrial wastewater, including aerobic and anaerobic digestion, are known to be environmentally friendly, clean, and generally superior to other physicochemical techniques. Aerobic and Anaerobic Microbial Treatment of Industrial Wastewater presents the latest information on multiple bioremediation treatment techniques; summarizes the sources, occurrence, and removal of industrial pollutants; and suggests the most appropriate treatment options for different scenarios. Describes the biochemistry of pollutant removal by aerobic and anaerobic digestion. Highlights emerging pollutants as well as resource recovery techniques from contaminated industrial wastewater. Emphasizes the role of both conventional and innovative novel technologies in aerobic and anaerobic microbial bioremediation of pollutants originated from industrial wastewater.
Eco-Restoration of Mine Land An authoritative introduction to the ecosystem-based approach for restoring land after coal and mineral mining operations. Mining activities, in particular where metal ores have been mined, often leave behind vast areas of dumps and disused mine lands that have become environmental hazards. Soil degradation and poisoning are major environmental concerns in these areas, requiring comprehensive and long-term interventions in order to restore those lands to an ecologically productive state. Eco-Restoration of Mine Land provides a comprehensive overview of ecosystem-based solutions for remediating polluted soil and re-establishing vegetation in disused mine lands, sy...
The text begins by discussing the processing and characterization of nano-manufactured resorbable bionanocomposites and presents the latest advances in carbon-based polymer nanocomposite materials for sensing applications. It further presents different characterization techniques such as scanning electron, transmission electron, atomic force microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction for the identification of bionanocomposites. This book: • Introduces nano-manufactured processed composites for biomedical application, processing, and characterization of bionanocomposites. • Presents biobased nano-manufactured processed composites for imaging, tissue repairing, and drug-delivery applications...
Commercial application of chemical enhanced oil recovery (cEOR) processes is expected to grow significantly over the next decade. Thus, Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR): A Practical Overview offers key knowledge and understanding of cEOR processes using an evidence-based approach intended for a broad audience ranging from field operators, researchers, to reservoir engineers dealing with the development and planning of cEOR field applications. This book is structured into three sections; the first section surveys overall EOR processes. The second section focuses on cEOR processes, while the final section describes the electrorheology technology. These sections are presented using a practical and realistic approach tailored for readers looking to improve their knowledge and understanding of cEOR processes in a nutshell.