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The nature of activatory and tolerogenic dendritic cell-derived signal 2
One of the most interesting issues in immunology is how the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system cooperate in vertebrate organisms to respond and destroy invading microorganisms without destroying self-tissues. More than 20 years ago, Charles Janeway proposed the innate immune recognition theory [1]. He hypothesized the existence of innate receptors (Pattern recognition receptors, PRRs) that, by recognizing molecular structures associated to pathogens (PAMPs) and being expressed by antigen presenting cells (APCs) and epithelial cells, could alert the immune system to the presence of a pathogen, making it possible to mount an immediate inflammatory response. Moreover, by transduc...
Translating tolerogenic therapies to the clinic – where do we stand and what are the barriers?
This Research Topic is a call for papers to provide an up to date assessment of current attempts to introduce tolerogenic therapies into clinical practice. Tolerance has been a highly sought after goal in the field of organ transplantation for over half a century, and is now readily achievable in rodent models, but considerable barriers remain to successfully translating tolerogenic treatments to the clinic. The initial call for this Research Topic has been aimed to provide an overview of recent advances made within the European RISET and American ITN networks with regard to tolerogenic strategies in clinical transplantation, autoimmune disease, and allergy. Articles will also cover the barr...
The Molecular Mechanisms of Regulatory T cell Immunosuppression
Ever since Regulatory T cells (T-Regs) were first defined as peripheral CD4+ T cells that express the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor alpha chain (IL-2Ra), there have been intensive efforts to determine the molecular mechanisms whereby this minor subset of CD4+ T cells (~ 5-10%) nonspecifically suppresses all potential effector T cells, whether reactive to self or non-self antigens. Multiple possible molecular mechanisms have been implicated, including the scavenging of IL-2 via the expression of high densities of IL-2Rs, the inhibition of antigen presentation via CTLA-4 molecules leading to decreased IL-2 production, the activation of intracellular cAMP thereby suppressing both IL-2 productio...
Handbook of Dendritic Cells, 3 Volume Set
Dendritic cells play a key role in human immunoregulation. They are the most potent form of antigen presenting cells, often referred to as "pacemakers of the immune system". The properties of dendritic cells pave the way for multifaceted clinical applications: they can be used to step up immune response to tumor and infectious disease antigens and they are a valuable tool in transplantation medicine. Information available on these important cells continues to escalate, making it almost impossible for anyone working in the field to keep up with developments. This is the most comprehensive handbook on dendritic cells, opening with an introduction by Ralph M. Steinman and written by international experts. It covers all aspects from molecular cell biology to clinical applications and highlights the role of dendritic cells in fighting cancer, virus infections, and autoimmune diseases.
Functional Relevance of Tetraspanins in the Immune System
Tetraspanins are small (20-50 kDa) integral membrane proteins with four transmembrane domains that have an intrinsic propensity to associate with other membrane proteins and lipids giving rise to the formation of specific tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs), also referred to as “The tetraspanin web”. In mammals, the tetraspanin family comprises of 33 different members, with the majority of the members being abundantly expressed in almost all cell types, including leukocytes which are responsible for innate and adaptive immunity as well as in other cells that play pivotal roles in immune responses, such as endothelial or stromal cells. Therefore, through the wide range of specific molecular interactions in which they are engaged, tetraspanins influence many processes of up-most relevance in the development, physiology and pathology of the immune system, including the control of immune cell morphology, signaling, adhesion, migration, invasion, fusion, infections and cancer.
Immunity to Human Fungal Pathogens: Mechanisms of Host Recognition, Protection, Pathology, and Fungal Interference
Fungi are found in virtually every environment, and comprise a significant portion of the normal microflora of healthy individuals. Some species of fungi are aeroallergen sources capable of inducing sensitization and causing exacerbation of asthma and respiratory allergy. Others are transmissible between hosts and may cause no symptoms in healthy individuals. However, immune suppressed individuals may develop invasive disease marked by tissue invasion with a potential for widespread dissemination. Existing therapies for patients consist of antifungal drugs, yet these require prolonged administration with the possibility of adverse side effects, and may be rendered ineffective by the emergenc...
