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Margaret Masterman was a pioneer in the field of computational linguistics. Working in the earliest days of language processing by computer, she believed that meaning, not grammar, was the key to understanding languages, and that machines could determine the meaning of sentences. She was able, even on simple machines, to undertake sophisticated experiments in machine translation, and carried out important work on the use of semantic codings and thesauri to determine the meaning structure of texts. This volume brings together Masterman's groundbreaking papers for the first time. Through his insightful commentaries, Yorick Wilks argues that Masterman came close to developing a computational theory of language meaning based on the ideas of Wittgenstein, and shows the importance of her work in the philosophy of science and the nature of iconic languages. Of key interest in computational linguistics and artificial intelligence, it will remind scholars of Masterman's significant contribution to the field.
Bruce Trigger's new book is the first ever to examine the history of archaeology from medieval times to the present in world-wide perspective. At once stimulating and even-handed, it places the development of archaeological thought and theory throughout within a broad social and intellectual framework. The successive but interacting trends apparent in archaeological thought are defined and the author seeks to determine the extent to which these trends were a reflection of the personal and collective interests of archaeologists as these relate - in the West at least - to the fluctuating fortunes of the middle classes. While subjective influences have been powerful, Professor Trigger argues that the gradual accumulation of archaeological data has exercised a growing constraint on interpretation. In turn, this has increased the objectivity of archaeological research and enhanced its value for understanding the entire span of human history and the human condition in general.
This fascinating book brings together forty-two selected speeches and lectures by Professor Manning Clark. They range over fifty years from 'What of Germany', delivered in 1940, to the last, delivered in 1991 just before his death at the launch of Barry Humphries' book The Life and Death of Sandy Stone and reveal recurring themes as well as developments in Clark's thinking. In one sense they are all of a piece. They reflect the values, aspirations, regrets-and laughter-of one passionate and intelligent man. In another, they change and develop during the course of that man's intellectual and emotional career. In early manhood he analysed issues and problems ruthlessly in terms of his own valu...
This bold new work discusses truth, and the value of a metaphysical approach to truth, from philosophical and theological perspectives.
This book engages in critical discussion of the role of reason and rationality in philosophy, the human mind, ethics, science, and the social sciences. Philosophers from Poland, Germany, and the United States examine reason in the light of emotion, doubt, absolutes, implementation, and interpretation. They throw new light on old values.
The topic of intelligence involves questions that cut deep into ultimate concerns and human identity, and the study of intelligence is an ideal ground for dialogue between science and religion. This volume investigates the notion of spiritual intelligence from a variety of perspectives, bringing together contributions from theology, computer science, linguistics, psychology, biology, and cognitive science. It defines spiritual intelligence as “processing things differently, not processing different things” and aims to describe it in naturalistic terms. Spiritual intelligence is not regarded as a separate mental module or a magical ability to interact with the supernatural but rather as a specific, more spiritual way of engagement with reality, which has observable cognitive, phenomenal, and linguistic characteristics. The book is valuable reading for those working at the interface between science and spirituality.
In this new and much-expanded edition of his classic study, John Vasquez examines the power of the power politics perspective to dominate inquiry, and evaluates its ability to provide accurate explanations of the fundamental forces underlying world politics.
This title details the history of the field of machine translation (MT) from its earliest years. It glimpses major figures through biographical accounts recounting the origin and development of research programmes as well as personal details and anecdotes on the impact of political and social events on MT developments.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Formal Concept Analysis, ICFCA 2009, held in Darmstadt, Germany, in May 2009. The 15 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 29 submissions for inclusion in the book. The papers comprise state of the art research and present new results in Formal Concept Analysis and related fields. These results range from theoretical novelties to advances in FCA-related algorithmic issues, as well as application domains of FCA such as data visualization, information retrieval, machine learning, data analysis and knowledge management.