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Deep Underground Laboratories are multidisciplinary research infrastructures with a rock overburden that goes from a few hundred meters to a few kilometers. Presently, there are 13 laboratories in operation on three Continents (North America, Europe, Asia, Australia) for a global excavation volume of order 10^6 m3. New laboratories are being constructed/proposed including a new one in South America. The main reason to develop an underground infrastructure is related to operate in a less radioactive environment where in particular muons from cosmic rays are strongly suppressed. This low background environment opens the possibility to search for very rare events such as low energy neutrino int...
High-energy charged particles represent a cutting-edge technique in radiation oncology. Protons and carbon ions are used in several centers all over the world for the treatment of different solid tumors. Typical indications are ocular malignancies, tumors of the base of the skull, hepatocellular carcinomas and various sarcomas. The physical characteristics of the charged particles (Bragg peak) allow sparing of much more normal tissues than it is possible using conventional X-rays, and for this reason all pediatric tumors are considered eligible for protontherapy. Ions heavier than protons also display special radiobiological characteristics, which make them effective against radioresistant a...
This work brings together 27 papers examining superstrong laser fields and their applications. It covers lasers for fusion and devices for ultrafast optics.
Clinical conformal radiotherapy is the holy grail of radiation treatment and is now becoming a reality through the combined efforts of physical scientists and engineers, who have improved the physical basis of radiotherapy, and the interest and concern of imaginative radiotherapists and radiographers. Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy de
This Brief focuses on the synthesis, functionalization techniques, optical properties and biomedical application of gold nanostars (GNS). Various facilities of gold nanostars synthesis as well as functionalization of GNS with PEG, organic dyes, bioactive compounds are discussed. The authors discuss physical origin of the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances and the way the nano-environment affects them. The implication of the LSPR of gold nanostars surface enhanced Raman scattering is also discussed. The emphasis has been done on the application of GNS for current and emerge needs of medicine, biology and pharmacy. Moreover, properties of gold nanostars as contrast agents for in vivo imaging and interaction of GNS with cells are also discussed in this Brief.
Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Pezcoller Symposium held in Trento, Italy, June 17-19, 1996