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During the last two decades, our view of the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in inflammatory processes has changed dramatically. ROS that are constantly produced at lower levels by living cells metabolizing oxygen contribute to normal cellular function and tissue homeostasis. ROS are produced at higher levels in inflammation and regulate the inflammatory response in specific ways. The role of ROS in inflammation is complex and primarily determined by their relative amount, chemical properties, reactivity, subcellular localization and molecular environment, specificity for their biological targets, and availability and mechanisms of antioxidant defense systems. This eBook comprises twel...
NETosis, a form of cell death that manifests by the release of decondensed chromatin to the extracellular space, provides valuable insights into mechanisms and consequences of cellular demise. Because extracellular chromatin can immobilize microbes, the extended nucleohistone network was called a neutrophil extracellular trap (NET), and the process of chromatin release was proposed to serve an innate immune defense function. Extracellular chromatin NETs were initially observed in studies of neutrophils and are most prominent in these types of granulocytes. Subsequent studies showed that other granulocytes and, in a limited way, other cells of the innate immune response may also release nucle...
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Clearance of apoptotic cells is essential for proper development, homeostasis and termination of immune responses in multicellular organisms. Thus, cellular and molecular players taking part in the sequential events of this process are of great interest. Research in the last 20 years has indicated that specific ligands and receptors take part in the attraction of immune cells toward apoptotic targets and in the interactions between apoptotic cells and professional as well as non-professional phagocytes that engulf them. Moreover, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) leads to significant phenotypic changes in the engulfing cells suggesting that it is a major fate-determining event ...
Thoroughly revised and updated, the 7th Edition of Rheumatology remains a leading text in this fast-changing field, keeping you abreast of recent advances in medications, therapies, clinical trials, and much more. Dr. Mark Hochberg and his team of expert authors and editors cover everything you need to know -- from basic scientific principles to practical clinical management strategies, all in a user-friendly, accessible manner. Provides access to quick, concise videos depicting musculoskeletal ultrasound including anisotropy, "comet tail" needle artifact, rheumatoid arthritis synovitis, acute gout, and more. Uses a consistent, logical, reader-friendly format with templated content and large...