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This book provides a thorough exposition of the main concepts and results related to various types of convergence of measures arising in measure theory, probability theory, functional analysis, partial differential equations, mathematical physics, and other theoretical and applied fields. Particular attention is given to weak convergence of measures. The principal material is oriented toward a broad circle of readers dealing with convergence in distribution of random variables and weak convergence of measures. The book contains the necessary background from measure theory and functional analysis. Large complementary sections aimed at researchers present the most important recent achievements. More than 100 exercises (ranging from easy introductory exercises to rather difficult problems for experienced readers) are given with hints, solutions, or references. Historic and bibliographic comments are included. The target readership includes mathematicians and physicists whose research is related to probability theory, mathematical statistics, functional analysis, and mathematical physics.
Achieving environmentally sustainable transport (EST) will require widespread acceptance of the need for EST, and a mix of measures designed to overcome the barriers to EST. This proceedings examines the measures needed.
This book provides a variety of activities designed to provide practice in place value and in addition with and without regrouping. Place value is the value given to the position (or place) in which a digit appears in a number. In 283, the value of 3 is 3 ones, the value of 8 is 8 tens or 80, and the value of 2 is 2 hundreds or 200. Regrouping is a procedure used in manipulating place value systems in both addition and subtraction. We use 10 ones to form one set of ten, or we use one set of ten to form 10 ones. We can also regroup 10 tens as one hundred. Additional information on regrouping is included on the inside back cover. The material correlates with the curriculum in most basic mathematics texts. The pages are presented in a suggested order, but may be used in any order which best meets a child's needs. Parents who wish their children to have practice in mathematics skills will find the book as helpful as classroom teachers will find it.
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This book is devoted to some topics of the general theory of invariant and quasi-invariant measures. Such measures are usually defined on various sigma-algebras of subsets of spaces equipped with transformation groups, and there are close relationships between purely algebraic properties of these groups and the corresponding properties of invariant (quasi-invariant) measures. The main goal of the book is to investigate several aspects of those relationships (primarily from the set-theoretical point of view). Also of interest are the properties of some natural classes of sets, important from the viewpoint of the theory of invariant (quasi-invariant) measures.
The international intervention after the 2011 Libyan uprising against Muammar Gaddafi was initially considered a remarkable success: the UN Security Council’s first application of the ‘responsibility to protect’ doctrine; an impending civilian massacre prevented; and an opportunity for democratic forces to lead Libya out of a forty-year dictatorship. But such optimism was soon dashed. Successive governments failed to establish authority over the ever-proliferating armed groups; divisions among regions and cities, Islamists and others, split the country into rival administrations and exploded into civil war; external intervention escalated. Ian Martin gives his first-hand view of the qu...
This book provides the reader with the principal concepts and results related to differential properties of measures on infinite dimensional spaces. In the finite dimensional case such properties are described in terms of densities of measures with respect to Lebesgue measure. In the infinite dimensional case new phenomena arise. For the first time a detailed account is given of the theory of differentiable measures, initiated by S. V. Fomin in the 1960s; since then the method has found many various important applications. Differentiable properties are described for diverse concrete classes of measures arising in applications, for example, Gaussian, convex, stable, Gibbsian, and for distribu...