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Mechanisms of brain-immune interactions became a cutting-edge topic in systemic neurosciences over the past years. Acute lesions of the brain parenchyma, particularly, induce a profound and highly complex neuroinflammatory reaction with similar mechanistic properties between differing disease paradigms like ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Resident microglial cells sense tissue damage and initiate inflammation, activation of the endothelial brain-immune interface promotes recruitment of systemic immune cells to the brain and systemic humoral immune mediators (e.g. complements and cytokines) enter the brain through the damaged blood-brain barri...
Current pharmacotherapies and surgical intervention provide limited benefit in the treatment of neural injuries or halting disease progression and has resulted in significant hope for the successes of stem cell research. The properties of stem cells render them appropriate for cell replacement therapy, endogenous repair, disease modeling as well as high-throughput drug screening and development. Such applications will aide in increasing our knowledge and developing treatments for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s diseases as well as neural traumas including ischemic brain damage and traumatic brain injury. This Frontiers Research topic encouraged co...
Cities of Commerce develops a model of institutional change in European commerce based on urban rivalry. Cities continuously competed with each other by adapting commercial, legal, and financial institutions to the evolving needs of merchants. Oscar Gelderblom traces the successive rise of Bruges, Antwerp, and Amsterdam to commercial primacy between 1250 and 1650, showing how dominant cities feared being displaced by challengers while lesser cities sought to keep up by cultivating policies favorable to trade. He argues that it was this competitive urban network that promoted open-access institutions in the Low Countries, and emphasizes the central role played by the urban power holders--the ...
Das große Standardwerk zur klinischen Neurologie liegt jetzt unter der Federführung des international renommierten Herausgeberteams und der Mitarbeit von über 150 FachexpertInnen als erweiterte und komplett überarbeitete Neuauflage vor. Die aktuellen Erkenntnisse zum Stand von Klinik, Verlauf und Therapie neurologischer Erkrankungen werden systematisch zusammengefasst und für die praktische Anwendung gewichtet - sowohl für häufige als auch für seltene Krankheitsbilder. Zudem profitiert die 8. Auflage von neuen Kapiteln zu funktionellen Bewegungsstörungen, dissoziativen Anfällen, spinaler Muskelatrophie sowie zu neurologischen Nebenwirkungen von Tumor-Therapien. Das Werk wurde konze...
An innovative account of how thousands of acts of parliament sought to improve economic activity during the early industrial revolution.