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Transmission and Infection of Arboviruses
Worldwide, the most important arboviruses are chikungunya, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, Mayaro, West Nile, Zika, and Ross River viruses. A significant public health threat is posed by these viruses around the world, which threaten more than 3.6 billion people. In recent decades, scientists have revealed many issues with arboviruses and established approaches, allowing us to fight the diseases more effectively. However, old and new problems continue to haunt us, motivating us to develop new approaches to fight these diseases. A growing number of arboviruses have been detected in different regions of the world, emphasizing the need to better understand how these viruses are transmitted and infect.
Handbook of Molecular Microbial Ecology I
The premiere two-volume reference on revelations from studying complex microbial communities in many distinct habitats Metagenomics is an emerging field that has changed the way microbiologists study microorganisms. It involves the genomic analysis of microorganisms by extraction and cloning of DNA from a group of microorganisms, or the direct use of the purified DNA or RNA for sequencing, which allows scientists to bypass the usual protocol of isolating and culturing individual microbial species. This method is now used in laboratories across the globe to study microorganism diversity and for isolating novel medical and industrial compounds. Handbook of Molecular Microbial Ecology is the fi...
Development of Microbial Ecological Theory: Stability, Plasticity, and Evolution of Microbial Ecosystems
“How can we develop microbial ecological theory?” The development of microbial ecological theory has a long way to reach its goal. Advances in microbial ecological techniques provide novel insights into microbial ecosystems. Articles in this book are challenging to determine the central and general tenets of the ecological theory that describes the features of microbial ecosystems. Their achievements expand the frontiers of current microbial ecology and propose the next step. Assemblage of these diverse articles hopefully helps to go on this long journey with many avenues for advancement of microbial ecology.
Influence of Molecular Resolution on Sequence-based Discovery of Ecological Diversity Among Synechococcus Populations in an Alkaline Siliceous Hot Spring Microbial Mat
Previous research has shown that sequences of 16S rRNA genes and 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer regions may not have enough genetic resolution to define all 30 ecologically distinct Synechococcus populations (ecotypes) inhabiting alkaline, siliceous hot spring microbial mats. To achieve higher molecular resolution, we studied sequence variation in three protein-encoding loci sampled by PCR from 60°C and 65°C sites in the Mushroom Spring mat (Yellowstone National Park, WY). Sequences were analyzed using the Ecotype Simulation (ES) and AdaptML algorithms to identify putative ecotypes. Between 4 and 14 times more 35 putative ecotypes were predicted from variation in protein-encoding loci than from variation in 16S rRNA and 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. The number of putative ecotypes predicted depended on the number of sequences sampled and the molecular resolution of the locus. Chao estimates of diversity indicated that few rare ecotypes were missed. Many ecotypes hypothesized by sequence analyses were different in their habitat specificities, 40 suggesting different adaptations to temperature or other parameters that vary along the flow channel.
Food Microbiology
Since its introduction in 1997, the purpose of Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers has been to serve as an advanced reference that explores the breadth and depth of food microbiology. Thoroughly updated, the new Fifth Edition adds coverage of the ever-expanding tool chest of new and extraordinary molecular methods to address many of the roles that microorganisms play in the production, preservation, and safety of foods. Sections in this valuable reference cover material of special significance to food microbiology such as: stress response mechanisms, spores, and the use of microbiological criteria and indicator organisms commodity-oriented discussion of types of microbial food spoi...
In Situ Analysis of Nitrogen Fixation and Metabolic Switching in Unicellular Thermophilic Cyanobacteria Inhabiting Hot Spring Microbial Mats
Genome sequences of two Synechococcus ecotypes inhabiting the Octopus Spring microbial mat in Yellowstone National Park revealed the presence of all genes required for nitrogenase biosynthesis. We demonstrate that nif genes of the Synechococcus ecotypes are expressed in situ in a region of the mat that varies in temperature from 53.5°C to 63.4°C (average 60°C); transcripts are only detected at the end of the day when the mat becomes anoxic. Nitrogenase activity in mat samples was also detected in the evening. Hitherto, N2 fixation in hot spring mats was attributed either to filamentous cyanobacteria (not present at >50°C in these mats) or to heterotrophic bacteria. To explore how energy-...
Population Genetics of Synehococcus Species Inhabiting the Mushroom Spring Microbial Mat, Yellowstone National Park
The species concept in microbiology is under considerable debate. Some scientists believe that traditional approaches are adequate, while others search for more natural concepts. The ecotype concept (ecological species concept) was evaluated in this work. Two temperature sites of a well-studied microbial mat system in Yellowstone National Park were investigated. Previous molecular analyses with 16S rRNA and the adjacent internal transcribed spacer (ITS) suggested the dominance of two putative ecotypes (PEs) of cyanobacteria in these sites, Synechococcus genotypes A and B'. Higher resolution molecular approaches were developed to address the hypotheses that (i) there are more Synechococcus PE...
