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After Nicaragua achieved independence from Spain in 1821, it suffered a series of conflicts culminating in the two-year National War. When that war ended in 1857, Nicaragua was in ruins. The Everyday Nation-State explores what followed: the intersection of nation-state formation and everyday life in nineteenth-century Nicaragua. Rather than focus on the invented traditions of anthems, marches, and memorials that convey and reproduce an established sense of national identity and belonging, this work analyzes how such feelings emerged in the struggles of local communities over political authority, identity, and legitimacy. Based on extensive research of court cases, land registries, census mat...
Michel Gobat deftly interweaves political, economic, cultural, and diplomatic history to analyze the reactions of Nicaraguans to U.S. intervention in their country from the heyday of Manifest Destiny in the mid–nineteenth century through the U.S. occupation of 1912–33. Drawing on extensive research in Nicaraguan and U.S. archives, Gobat accounts for two seeming paradoxes that have long eluded historians of Latin America: that Nicaraguans so strongly embraced U.S. political, economic, and cultural forms to defend their own nationality against U.S. imposition and that the country’s wealthiest and most Americanized elites were transformed from leading supporters of U.S. imperial rule into...
A comprehensive state-of-the-art collection of the most frequently used techniques for plant cell and tissue culture. Readily reproducible and extensively annotated, the methods range from general methodologies, such as culture induction, growth and viability evaluation, and contamination control, to such highly specialized techniques as chloroplast transformation involving the laborious process of protoplast isolation and culture. Most of the protocols are currently used in the research programs of the authors or represent important parts of business projects aimed at the generation of improved plant materials. Two new appendices explain the principles for formulating culture media and the composition of the eight most commonly used media formulations, and list more than 100 very useful internet sites.
Directory of foreign diplomatic officers in Washington.
This unique collection of contemporary international public relations (PR) case studies gives the reader in-depth insight into effective PR practice in a range of organizational contexts. The global cases demonstrate the breadth and sophistication of the public relations function, both in public and private sector organizations. This fully updated third edition of Public Relations Cases offers fresh perspectives on the changing face of contemporary public relations and the development of PR and communication strategies. Addressing the gap in PR literature, it examines political systems, climate, media ownership and structures, as well as the social values and economic conditions which shape ...
Considers treaty to allocate North American radio frequency bands.
Considers treaty to allocate North American radio frequency bands.