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Biogeography
Biogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of taxa and their attributes in space and time. Investigating biogeographic patterns and processes requires considerable amounts of data collected over large spatial and/or temporal scales. Evolutionary biogeography integrates distributional, phylogenetic, molecular and paleontological data in order to discover biogeographic patterns and assess the historical changes that have shaped them, following a step-wise approach. This book aims to understand the biogeography of the Drosophilidae in Africa and in other regions. This book also examines the development of preventive and educational components of conservation biogeography. The relevance of biogeographical evolutionary analyses for conservation science is discussed as well. In addition, the general methods that can be applied to prioritise areas for protection at regional global scales are also briefly commented on and exemplified with Mexico as a case study.
A True Tale of Science and Discovery
Presents a view of how knowledge of the biological world increased. This book deals with science and aims at explaining one example of the scientific process, when and where it was done, who did it, what they did, why they did it that way, the circumstances under which they did it, and what the results and interpretations were.
River Sediments
Sediments are loose earth materials with variable grain size such as sand, silt and clay that accumulate on the land surface, in river and lake beds, and on the ocean floor. This book reports how data obtained for different elements (stable and radioactive) present in bottom sediments and suspended particulate matter (SPM) can be utilised to investigate hydrological processes occurring in different hydrographic basins in Brazil, South America. Particular attention is directed towards describing the importance of sediments on the adsorption of different stable/radioactive constituents. This book also evaluates the most common methods utilised to obtain metal background values for soil and sed...
Amazon Basin
Amazonian rain forest forms one of the most precious ecosystems and provides habitat for more than 50% of plant and animal species. This unique ecosystem is highly disturbed by human activities, which causes biodiversity losses. Biodiversity monitoring and conservation plays one of the most important roles of tropical environment protection. This book focuses on the assessment of species diversity and species richness in various land use systems. This book also discusses the challenges and opportunities facing the Brazilian ecotourism industry and the establishment of an eco-triple helix in the Brazilian Amazon region. Over the past two decades, the international community has become aware o...
Tundras
Tundra ecosystems are seriously affected by global climate change. Understanding tundra history and post-glacial development may enhance the ability of biologists to anticipate biotic responses to current environmental changes. In this book, the authors analyse changes which have occurred in a vegetative cover and aboveground fauna of vertebrates at Yamal peninsula, one of the greatest plains on the globe. The authors also evaluate pedogenetic processes, soil nutrient status and plant distribution along an elevation gradient in the alpine tundra in the western Italian Alps. In addition, treeline ecotone is a belt of transition from forest vegetation to a non-forest one, which allow the monitoring of climate change. In this book, carbon deposition on the forests of two treeline ecotones is studied. Some of the current emerging theories, models and recent empirical evidence for the dynamics of these reciprocal interactions between climate and terrestrial microbial communities are also reviewed, with particular attention to biogeochemical and ecological perspectives.
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