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During the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Civil War, more than twenty thousand kinds of banknotes were used throughout the vast expanse of the former Russian Empire. At that time, money was issued not only by the official authorities, such as the Imperial Government, the Provisional Government, and, later, the Bolshevik Government, but also by Generals Denikin, Wrangel, and Yudenich, Admiral Kolchak, Atamans Semyonov and Petliura, Hetman Skoropadskyi, and many other great and small rulers of Russia. Russian money was manufactured in Great Britain, Germany, Sweden, and the United States. To some degree, money served as a manifesto of the issuing government, reflected in the various symbol...
Where did modern banking come from—and how does this history help us understand financial crises? In the twelfth century, Pisa was a thriving metropolis, a powerhouse of global trade, and a city that stood at the center of medieval Europe. But Pisa had a problem: Money came in the form of coins, and they were becoming scarce. In the face of this financial and monetary crisis, the foundations of modern banking were laid. In Money and Promises, the distinguished banker, executive, and historian Paolo Zannoni examines the complex relationship between states and banks that has changed the world. Drawing on in-depth archival research, he explores seven case studies: the republic of Pisa, sevent...
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Japan, China, and both Tsarist Russia and later the USSR, vied for imperial dominance in Northeast Asia. In the process, they contested and at the same time adopted many of the physical and rhetorical features of Old-World imperialism, mitigated by domestic political forces and deeply ingrained cultural and historical values. With chapters written by scholars from Europe and Asia, including Russia, this collection offers new international and interdisciplinary perspectives on competitions between imperialisms in Northeast Asia in the period 1894–1953, exploring encounters between old rivals and new protagonists. Bringing together specia...
An introduction to the emerging field of cancer physics, integrating cancer biology with approaches from theoretical and applied physics.
Pentru cei mai mulţi dintre români, Tezaurul înseamnă aurul Băncii Naţionale a României. Şi totuşi, acesta reprezenta mai puţin de o zecime din valoarea bunurilor evacuate în Rusia în 1916 şi 1917. Românii au expediat atunci tezaurele Băncii Naţionale şi ale Casei de Depuneri şi Consemnaţiuni, ale băncilor private şi ale instituţiilor publice, bijuteriile Coroanei, cele mai importante obiecte de artă din muzee şi colecţiile private, odoarele mănăstireşti, colecţiile numismatice, arhivele statului, arhivele diplomatice, manuscrisele, cărţile rare, în fine, tot ce reprezenta, ca patrimoniu, identitatea naţiunii române, începând cu secolul al XVI-lea. Încerc...
Pisa, XII secolo. La potente repubblica marinara, i cui vascelli solcano il Mediterraneo carichi di seta, spezie e tinture, si trova al centro dell'Europa medievale, ma la Zecca stenta a coniare una quantità di moneta sufficiente a soddisfare i cittadini, i bisogni dei mercanti e del commercio marittimo. È qui - nella città di piazza dei Miracoli, dell'Opera del Duomo, di Fibonacci e delle scuole di abaci - che ha inizio la storia della moneta di banca. Paolo Zannoni, insider finanziario di lungo corso, ci mostra come regimi diversi - democrazie federali e parlamentari, imperi e regimi rivoluzionari - nel corso dei secoli abbiano tutti collaborato con le banche per raggiungere i propri ob...
Reveals a little-known history of 1917: the Ukrainian anarch-communist Makhnovists
This book presents the latest advances concerning the regulation of chromosome segregation during cell division by means of centromeres and kinetochores. The authors cover both state-of-the-art techniques and a range of species and model systems, shedding new light on the molecular mechanisms controlling the transmission of genetic material between cell divisions and from parent to offspring. The chapters cover five major areas related to the current study of centromeres and kinetochores: 1) their genetic and epigenetic features, 2) key breakthroughs at the molecular, proteomic, imaging and biochemical level, 3) the constitutive centromere proteins, 4) the role of centromere proteins in the physical process of chromosome segregation and its careful orchestration through elaborate regulation, and 5) intersections with reproductive biology, human health and disease, as well as chromosome evolution. The book offers an informative and provocative guide for newcomers as well as those already acquainted with the field.
Cutting-edge quantitative phase imaging techniques and their applications Filled with unique, full-color images taken by advanced quantitative phase imaging (QPI), Quantitative Phase Imaging of Cells and Tissues thoroughly explores this innovative technology and its biomedical applications. An introductory background on optical imaging and traditional optical microscopy is included to illustrate concept development. The book explains how various visualization modalities can be obtained by numerical calculations. This authoritative resource reveals how to take full advantage of the unprecedented capabilities of QPI, such as rendering scattering properties of minute subcellular structures and nanoscale fluctuations in live cells. Coverage includes: Groundwork Spatiotemporal field correlations Image characteristics Light microscopy Holography Point scanning QPI methods Principles of full-field QPI Off-axis full-field methods Phase-shifting techniques Common-path methods White light techniques Fourier transform light scattering (FTLS) Current trends in QPI
Early history of agricultural research in Russia (pre-1917); sciences (1918-1991); Research in the soviet academy of agricultural sciences (1918-1991); Evaluation of the USSR academy of agricultural sciences (1929-1991); Development of national agricultural research systems in the republic (1991-1998); Future prospects for agricultural research reforms in the republics.