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In the late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, Northern Europe was a crucible of political, maritime and economic activity. Ships from ports all around the Baltic Sea as well as from the Low Countries plied the Baltic waters, triggering market integration, migration flows, nautical innovations and the dissemination of cultural values. This archival guide is an essential research tool for scholars studying these Baltic connections, providing descriptions of almost 1000 archival collections concerning trade, shipping, merchants, commodities, diplomacy, finances and migration in the years 1450-1800. These rich and varied sources kept at more than 100 repositories in Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia and Sweden are herewith collected for the first time.
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Nicolaus Copernicus gave the world perhaps the most important scientific insight of the modern age, the theory that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun. He was also the first to proclaim that the earth rotates on its axis once every twenty-four hours. His theory was truly radical: during his lifetime nearly everyone believed that a perfectly still earth rested in the middle of the cosmos, where all the heavenly bodies revolved around it. One of the transcendent geniuses of the early Renaissance, Copernicus was also a flawed and conflicted person. A cleric who lived during the tumultuous years of the early Reformation, he may have been sympathetic to the teachings of the Lu...
In the days of sail Viking longships and Hanse roundships plied the waters of the Baltic, and for centuries the area formed the axis of a five-nation power struggle, as bids were made for glory both on land and at sea. Today towering ferries and container ships criss-cross routes between cities with a proud past, and travellers are entranced by legendary castles and captivating palaces. This is the fascinating story of the northern inland sea and of the peoples of its shores, from the ice age to the nuclear age.
For post-war Europe, industrial production and its methods of rationalisation and modernisation were adopted as a model for societies more generally. To replace the nationalism of the 1930s that had led to a catastrophe, universal values and technologies were seen as important. Modernism in architecture was both an instrument to realise these goals and the symbol of modern society. Modernism meant technological progress, economic security, relative political stability and social equality, that is, what being European was about. In the book "Industry and Modernism", the meaning of industrial production is discussed particularly in the context of the Nordic and Baltic post-war histories. The polarities of the Cold War suppressed similarities between the two worlds such as the shared belief in the power of architecture, planning and technology to construct new societies. For many western European countries, Nordic countries represented a model of the welfare state, just as Baltic countries were seen as models within the Soviet hegemony. In the book, economic and social history is integrated with business history, architectural history, and the study of industrial heritage.