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Sebenarnya, definisi ilmu bioteknologi diterjemahkan berbeda-beda oleh masing-masing ilmuwan. Namun dari beberapa definisi yang telah dikemukanan mengerucut pada defi nsi dari Primrose dalam bukunya Modern Biotechnology (1987) yaitu penerapan prinsip-prinsip ilmu pengetahuan dan kerekayasaan untuk penanganan dan pengolahan bahan dengan bantuan agen biologis untuk menghasilkan bahan dan jasa. Berdasarkan definisi diatas dapat ditarik pemikiran bahwa akar dari ilmu bioteknologi adalah keilmuan dasar penunjang yang akan memperluas cakupan aplikasi bioteknologi. Oleh karena itu saat ini banyak bermunculan cabang ilmu gabungan yang mengeskplorasi fenomena bioteknologi. Akar keilmuan bioteknologi akan diolah dan direkayasa sedemikian rupa untuk diaplikasikan pada beberapa bidang bioteknologi terapan. Penerapan bidang bioteknologi mencakup hampir keseluruhan kebutuhan hidup manusia, seperti dalam bidang lingkungan dan perairan, pertanian dan peternakan, pengembangan obat, dan masih banyak lagi.
In 1992, a group of academics at the National University of Malaysia (UKM) organized a seminar titled “Seminar Ahli Sunnah dan Syiah Imamiyyah” (“Seminar on Ahl al-Sunnah and Imami Shi’ism”) in Kuala Lumpur. It aimed to demonize Shi’a Muslims and ban Shi’ism, effectively escalating sectarianism in Muslim society. A Deobandi presenter at the seminar by the name of Muhammad Asri Yusoff put forth arguments about Shi’ism, which later became the “intellectual base” for the discrimination and repression of Shi’a Muslims by Islamic authorities in Malaysia. This repression continues till the present day, and other religious leaders—particularly those with a Salafi orientation...
This book consists of selected papers written by the founder of fuzzy set theory, Lotfi A Zadeh. Since Zadeh is not only the founder of this field, but has also been the principal contributor to its development over the last 30 years, the papers contain virtually all the major ideas in fuzzy set theory, fuzzy logic, and fuzzy systems in their historical context. Many of the ideas presented in the papers are still open to further development. The book is thus an important resource for anyone interested in the areas of fuzzy set theory, fuzzy logic, and fuzzy systems, as well as their applications. Moreover, the book is also intended to play a useful role in higher education, as a rich source ...
This text, in three volumes, presents a detailed revision of the systematics and taxonomy of the platyhelminth class Trematoda, subclasses Aspidogastrea and Digenea. These parasites attack animals and humans and have a great economic impact.
South Asia in World Politics offers a comprehensive introduction to the politics and international relations of South Asia, a key area encompassing the states of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. While U.S. interest has long been sporadic and reactive, 9/11 alerted Washington that paying only fitful attention to one of the world's most volatile and populous regions was a recipe for everyday instability, repeated international crises, major and minor wars, and conditions so chronically unsettled that they continue to provide a fertile breeding ground for transnational Islamic terrorism. Exploring the many facets of this dynamic region, the book also assesses U.S. policy toward Afghanistan and explains the importance of Bangladesh and Pakistan, two of only a handful of Islamic states with significant track records as democracies.
Drugs Law and Legal Practice in Southeast Asia investigates criminal law and practice relevant to drugs regulation in three Southeast Asian jurisdictions: Indonesia, Singapore and Vietnam. These jurisdictions represent a spectrum of approaches to drug regulation in Southeast Asia, highlighting differences in practice between civil and common law countries, and between liberal and authoritarian states. This book offers the first major English language empirical investigation and comparative analysis of regulation, jurisprudence, court procedure, and practices relating to drugs law enforcement in these three states.