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Monetary Policy in Emerging Markets
In contrast to advanced markets (AMs), procyclical monetary policy has been a problem for emerging markets (EMs), with macroeconomic policies amplifying economic upswings and deepening downturns. The stark difference in policy has not been subject to extensive study and this paper attempts to address the gap. Key findings, using a large sample of EMs over the past 50 years, are: (i) EMs have adopted increasingly countercyclical monetary policy over time, although large differences remain among EMs and policies became more procyclical during the recent crisis. (ii) Inflation targeting and better institutions have been key factors behind the move to countercyclicality. (iii) Only deep financial markets allow EMs with flexible exchange rate regimes turn countercyclical. (iv) More countercyclical policy is associated with far less volatile output. The economically meaningful impact of IT on monetary policy countercyclicality and output variability is another reason in its favor, over and above better inflation outcomes.
Vietnam
This 2019 Article IV Consultation with Vietnam highlights that gradual fiscal consolidation, strict limits on government guarantees and robust growth in recent years have led to declining government debt, expected to continue under current policies. But while there is some fiscal space, fiscal needs are large, for infrastructure, social spending and to deal with population aging. The tightening of credit growth continued in 2018; however, liquidity remained ample, aided by the strong balance of payments and tight fiscal policies. The State Bank of Vietnam has initiated plans to modernize its monetary framework with IMF technical support. The authorities’ efforts to improve economic institutions and governance continue and the fight against grand corruption has resulted in significant sentences in recent high-profile cases. Improvements in transparency and statistical systems are underway, with support from the IMF and the Financial Action Task Force’s Asia Pacific Group.
Georgia
This 2018 Article IV Consultation highlights that the macroeconomic performance in Georgia since the global financial crisis has been positive. Growth was higher than that in most peers. The banking sector has remained stable, and foreign reserves have increased. After two years of sluggish growth, following the 2014 regional slowdown, growth has picked up and the external position strengthened. Supported by external demand and buoyant consumption, real GDP grew 5 percent in 2107. The near-term outlook has improved moderately and the output gap is expected to close gradually in 2019–20. Over the medium to long term growth is expected to accelerate moderately and external vulnerabilities to decrease, thanks to the dividends from structural reforms.
Annual Report
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Georgia
This Technical Assistance Report discusses the recommendations made by the IMF mission to assist Georgian authorities in enhancing country’s fiscal rules framework. It is recommended that the fiscal rules should consider both the overall objectives and the economic context in which they are applied. In Georgia, this would include: the stated primary objective of fiscal sustainability as well as the need for flexibility to respond to economic shocks; the transitional nature of the Georgian economy; and the intension to gradually move toward the European Union fiscal governance framework. It is also recommended that the fiscal policy targets should factor in potential economic shocks and fiscal risks.
Georgia
This Technical Assistance Report discusses the findings and recommendations made by the IMF mission regarding the financial accounts (FA) and financial soundness indicators in Georgia. One main objective of the mission was to assist the National Bank of Georgia (NBG) in the compilation of quarterly flow FA by institutional sector; estimating transactions, revaluations, and other changes in the volume of assets (OCVA). It was observed that FA are being produced by the Monetary and Statistics Division for internal use only, because for public dissemination the NBG wants first to develop automatic procedures for the estimation of revaluations and OCVA in its database. It is expected that by May 2018 business intelligence software will be fully operational for this purpose.
Cyprus
This paper discusses Cyprus’ First Review Under the Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria. The program is on track, and ownership by the authorities has improved. Fiscal targets were met with a comfortable margin. All structural benchmarks were also observed, albeit some with a brief delay. The authorities have made important strides to complete the bank resolution process, publish a roadmap to gradually ease payment restrictions, and finalize a restructuring strategy for the cooperative credit sector. However, much remains to be done to fully implement the financial sector restructuring strategy and restore confidence in the system.
Dictionary of Canadian Biography
These biographies of Canadians are arranged chronologically by date of death. Entries in each volume are listed alphabetically, with bibliographies of source material and an index to names.
