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Fiscal Consolidation in Southeastern European Countries
This paper assesses the relative strengths and weaknesses of fiscal institutions in ten Southeastern European countries, using recent benchmarking methodologies developed by FAD. The assessment evaluates each country’s understanding of the scale of the fiscal adjustment challenge, its ability to develop a credible consolidation strategy, and its capacity to implement the strategy. Key institutional arrangements, are generally in place, including top-down budgeting and medium-term budget frameworks. Other institutional arrangements require further attention, including macro-fiscal forecasting, fiscal risk analysis, setting fiscal objectives, presence and role of independent fiscal agencies, and top-down parliamentary approval.
Economic Papers
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The Debt Burden and Its Consequences for Monetary Policy
In all countries debt and deficits of the public sector are at the heart of economic policy debate. Debt and deficits pose major problems, all the more pressing in Europe because of the Maastricht criteria for entry into European Monetary Union. And in the developing world debt has been associated with major financial crises. This volume, arising from an International Economic Association conference at the Bundesbank, sees academics and policy makers debate the key issues and their implications in theory and practice.
Cultural Landscapes of Universal Value
Cultural landscapes are at the interface between nature and culture. They represent the permanent interaction between humans and their environment, shaping the surface of the earth. With the rapid social and economic development cultural landscapes belong to the most fragile and threatened sites on earth. Adapted protection and proper management is urgently needed. Since 1992 outstanding cultural landscapes can be protected under the World Heritage Convention. Thus, the World Heritage Convention is the first international legal instrument recognizing and safeguarding this type of property for future generations. This important step has led to enhanced international and national recognition. The present volume aims to contribute to enhanced protection and management of cultural landscapes around the world. It furthermore highlights in a truly interdisciplinary approach some of the most outstanding cultural landscapes of universal value in their geocultural and environmental context.
Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara to English Dictionary
Pitjantjatjara and Yanunytjatjara are two neighbouring dialects of the Western Desert language. They are spoken over a wide area of the Northern Territory and South Australia stretching south from Areyonga to Coober Pedy and beyond, along the Western Australian border and as far as Oodnadatta to the east. The Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara to English Dictionary has been in print since 1992 helping hundreds if not thousands of students and speakers to master one of the most widely spoken languages of Central Australia. The dictionary comprises a list of commonly used words, concisely defined and illustrated with examples given by Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara speakers, along with reverse word finder to help English speakers locate the words they need.
Fiscal Consolidation in Southeastern European Countries
This paper assesses the relative strengths and weaknesses of fiscal institutions in ten Southeastern European countries, using recent benchmarking methodologies developed by FAD. The assessment evaluates each country’s understanding of the scale of the fiscal adjustment challenge, its ability to develop a credible consolidation strategy, and its capacity to implement the strategy. Key institutional arrangements, are generally in place, including top-down budgeting and medium-term budget frameworks. Other institutional arrangements require further attention, including macro-fiscal forecasting, fiscal risk analysis, setting fiscal objectives, presence and role of independent fiscal agencies, and top-down parliamentary approval.
