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Hamas is typically portrayed in the West as nothing more than a terrorist organisation. Yet as Michael Irving Jensen discovers, it also provides medical clinics, kindergartens, schools, elderly care and football training to the population of the West Bank and Gaza. Using a combination of interviews and participant observation, Jensen examines how these forms of social engagement relate to the organisation's official ideology, which is still characterised by extremism and violence. "The Political Ideology of Hamas" is the first attempt to provide a multidimensional picture of this organisation by looking at how it is perceived by the leadership, the rank-and-file, and the ordinary Palestinians who come into contact with it. By comparing the rhetoric of the leadership with the social reality, Jensen opens up new ways of understanding Islamist movements in general.
Papers presented at the National Conference on Madar-i-Millat Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah, held at Islamabad during 21-22 July 2003.
Tracing the historical origins of the ideology of Jihad since the classical Islamic era, this book deliberates the more recent typologies of resistance during colonial and contemporary times. The intricate relationship in Afghanistan between the erstwhile Mujahideen and Western powers during the Cold War and its break-up following 9/11 has been examined in detail. The salience of Hindutva in India and demands for a Sunni state in Pakistan, simultaneous with similar espousals in Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka, reveal unique regional congruities on ideological issues. Issues of contested statehood and national identity have assumed an added significance, which this book addresses within a changed regional and global political context. Other than ideology and pluralism, the book also investigates problems of governance.
Arable lands, which provide about 95% of food for human beings, are under great pressure due to soil pollution. More than five million sites of soils worldwide are contaminated with heavy metals including cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), etc. Heavy metals can occur naturally in soils or as a result of anthropogenic activities. During the last few decades, rapid industrial development, air deposition, polluted water irrigation, sewage sludge application, overuse of pesticides, and inorganic fertilizers application result in the deposition of heavy metals in the global soil system. On the one hand, these toxic heavy metals in soils...
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Advances and Technology Development in Greenhouse Gases: Emission, Capture and Conversion is a comprehensive seven-volume set of books that discusses the composition and properties of greenhouse gases, and introduces different sources of greenhouse gases emission and the relation between greenhouse gases and global warming. The comprehensive and detailed presentation of common technologies as well as novel research related to all aspects of greenhouse gases makes this work an indispensable encyclopedic resource for researchers in academia and industry.Volume 6 titled Methane, Nitrox Oxide, and Ozone Conversion and Applications studies the applications of any greenhouse gases (GHGs) other tha...