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Two major events occurred in the early centuries of Islam that determined its historical and spiritual development in the centuries that followed: the formation of the sacred scriptures, namely the Qur'an and the Hadith, and the chronic violence that surrounded the succession of the Prophet, manifesting in repression, revolution, massacre, and civil war. This is the first book to evaluate the writing of Islam's major scriptural sources within the context of these bloody, brutal conflicts. Conducting a philological and historical study of little-known though significant ancient texts, Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi rebuilds a Shi'ite understanding of Islam's early history and the genesis of its holy scriptures. At the same time, he proposes a fresh interpretative framework and a new data set for theorizing the early history of Islam, isolating the contradictions between Shi'ite and Sunni sources and their contribution to the tensions that rile these groups today.
This edited volume is an inclusive collection of information on crop holobiome, their function and diversity, the plausible role of soil microbes in crop growth, protection from pathogens and stresses, the use of resilient microbiomes for changing climate, and the use of new technologies to study plant-insect-microbe molecular interactions in agricultural systems. Holobiomes provide information about both plants and their microbiomes, which gives a more comprehensive insight, particularly for changing climatic scenarios. By optimizing the crop holobime function crop productivity and plant health can be enhanced manifold. This book deep dives into the numerous ways in which holobiome supports...
The Ismailis represent an important Shiʿi Muslim community with rich intellectual and literary traditions. The complex history of the Ismailis dates back to the second/eighth century when they separated from other Shiʿi groups under the leadership of their own imams. Soon afterwards, the Ismailis organised a dynamic, revolutionary movement, known as the daʿwa or mission, for uprooting the Sunni regime of the Abbasids and establishing a new Shiʿi caliphate headed by the Ismaili imam. By the end of the third/ninth century, the Ismaili dāʿīs, operating secretly on behalf of the movement, were active in almost every region of the Muslim world, from Central Asia and Persia to Yemen, Egypt ...
Auf 120 000 Kilometer hat man die gesamte Reisestrecke geschätzt, die Ibn Battuta im 14. Jahrhundert zu Pferd und Kamel, zu Schiff, im Ochsenwagen und in der Sänfte zurücklegte. Siebenundzwanzig Jahre lang reiste der Marokkaner bis an die Grenzen der damals bekannten Welt. Er lernte Heilige und Wandermönche, Könige, Sultane und Despoten in den entlegensten Teilen der muslimischen Reiche kennen, während er die heiligen Stätten des Islam besuchte: Bagdad, Mekka, Kairo und Damaskus, aber auch Indien, die Malediven und China sind seine Stationen. Nach einem kurzen Besuch Spaniens und einer zweijährigen Reise nach Mali und Niger legte der rastlos Reisende den Wanderstab endgültig zur Seite. Der Bericht, den er nach seiner Rückkehr diktierte, trug ihm nicht nur in der arabischen Welt den Beinamen des größten Reisenden des Islam ein. Der erste Band führt den Leser über Ägypten, Syrien und Persien weiter bis Südrußland, nach Konstantinopel und schließlich von der Wolga an den Indus.
Focusing substantially on the relation between the concept of constitutionalism and Islamic Law in general and how such relation is specifically reflected in the Shiite jurisprudence, this volume explores the juristic origins of constitutionalism, especially in the context of 1905 Constitutional Revolution in Iran.
The number of diagnosed cases of primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) – a group of inborn disorders of the immune system – is growing rapidly, but misdiagnosis or late diagnosis still occurs in a significant number of patients, with serious consequences. This is the second edition of a practical reference textbook on PIDs that has been widely welcomed by scientists and clinicians from around the world. The new edition has been extensively revised to reflect advances in knowledge and includes various PIDs not previously covered. For each disease, information is provided on definition, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. This book will represent an ideal resource for specialists when engaging in diagnosis, clinical decision-making, and treatment planning. It will also prove invaluable for doctors in training and other physicians and nurses who wish to learn more about PIDs.
The field of fractional calculus (FC) is more than 300 years old, and it presumably stemmed from a question about a fractional-order derivative raised in communication between L'Hopital and Leibniz in the year 1695. This branch of mathematical analysis is regarded as the generalization of classical calculus, as it deals with the derivative and integral operators of fractional order. The tools of fractional calculus are found to be of great utility in improving the mathematical modeling of many natural phenomena and processes occurring in the areas of engineering, social, natural, and biomedical sciences. Fractional Difference, Differential Equations, and Inclusions: Analysis and Stability is...
Fungal natural products are among some of the earliest described sources of bioactive compounds. Basidiomycetes have been a prolific source of compounds, particularly as a source of antibiotics and antifungals. Despite advances in target-based and synthetic methods for drug discovery, natural products continue to be an important source of novel compounds. This book is a comprehensive guide to many important fungal species with a focus on their phytochemistry, potential sources of bioactive compounds, known chemistry and toxicology. This book is an ideal companion to researchers and postgraduates in phytochemistry and natural product pharmacology, and mycologists.
This is the 6th Edition and 5th revised version of this translation.The Qur'ān is, in its own words, "light," which means that it is self-manifesting, with no need of an external source of illumination; other things need light to become visible and manifest. With it God guides those who pursue His pleasure to the ways of peace, and brings them out from darkness into light by His will, and guides them to a straight path (5:16).Of course, the Qur'ān is not an exception among revealed scriptures in that it is a source of light and guidance. According to the Qur'an, so were the Torah and the Gospel, scriptures given to Moses and Jesus. All scriptures of Divine origin are a source of light and ...