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Medical Radiation Exposure of Patients in the United States
"This Report is an update 10 y after the publication of NCRP Report No. 160 (NCRP 2009) and is focused on 2016 doses to patients from medical exposures. Occupational doses and doses to caregivers are not included. Discussion of any potential risks and benefits of the use of medical exposures was beyond NCRP's scope of work. Several metrics are estimated as follows: number and type of procedures involving patient diagnostic and interventional medical radiation procedures; effective dose per procedure which is a calculated dose based upon the type of radiation and the radiation detriment (associated primarily with the induction of cancer) in tissues exposed (risk factors are based on average population characteristics and derive from linear nonthreshold assumptions); collective effective dose which is the number of procedures multiplied by the effective dose per procedure; and annual average individual effective dose which is the collective effective dose divided by the U.S. population, whether the persons were exposed or not, and allows comparison of the magnitude of medical radiation exposure to that from various nonmedical sources"--
Evaluation of the Linear-nonthreshold Dose-response Model for Ionizing Radiation
Annotation New experimental and epidemiological findings include growing evidence of adaptive responses to small doses of radiation that may enhance the capacity of cells to withstand the effects of further radiation exposure, and new evidence concerning the possible nature of neoplastic initiation. Therefore, a committee of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements reassesses the weight of scientific evidence for and against the linear-threshold dose-response model for determining safe levels of exposure to ionizing radiation. The report also considers associated policy implications. It finds no reason for rejecting the model. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com).
Structural Shielding Design for Medical X-ray Imaging Facilities
Report No. 147 (2004) presents recommendations and technical information related to the design and installation of structural shielding for facilities that use x rays for medical imaging. The purpose of structural shielding is to limit radiation exposure to employees and members of the public. The information supersedes the recommendations that address such facilities in NCRP Report No. 49, Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation for Medical Use of X Rays and Gamma Rays of Energies Up to 10 MeV, which was issued in September 1976. NCRP Report No. 147 includes a discussion of the various factors to be considered in the selection of appropriate shielding materials and in the calculation of ...
Radiation Protection in Dentistry and Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging
"The purpose of this Report is to enhance radiation safety in dentistry and to reinforce published, well-known dose-reduction methods that are not yet being widely applied in the day-to-day practice of dentistry. The technological advances since NCRP Report No. 145 require changing attitudes and practices of dentists because opportunities are now available for decreasing radiation doses while maintaining or improving diagnostic efficacy. This Report updates the information in NCRP Report No.145, adds new content on digital imaging, handheld x-ray devices, and CBCT, and makes recommendations for reducing patient radiation doses while maintaining or improving image quality, all in the context of the ALARA principle"--
Reference Levels and Achievable Doses in Medical and Dental Imaging
Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) are used in medical imaging to indicate whether the patient radiation dose or amount of administered activity from a specific procedure are unusually high or low for that procedure. DRLs are the first step in the optimization process to manage patient dose commensurate with the medical purpose of the procedure. Achievable dose is an optimization goal, based on survey data, and typically defined as the median value (50th percentile) of the dose distribution of standard techniques and technologies in widespread use. The overarching goal is to obtain image quality consistent with the clinical objective, while avoiding unnecessary radiation. Too low an exposure...
