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Introduction to Neuroglia
This book is the introduction to a series of e-books dedicated to the physiology and pathophysiology of neuroglia. The topic of neuroglia is generally overlooked in neuroscience curricula across the world, the main attention being focused on the description of excitability of neurons and neuronal networks. The neuroglia, being electrically non-excitable, are universally regarded as supportive cells which do not contribute to information processing. This oversimplified view, however, ignores the tremendous importance of brain homeostasis, which is imperative for the ongoing activity of neuronal networks. It also ignores the truth that specialization of neurons and their ability for rapid prop...
Biology of Neuroglia
Biology of Neuroglia
Neuroglia: Function and Pathology
Diverse specialised neuroglial cells guarantee the development, preservation, and health of the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, the enteric nervous system, and the special senses. In the central nervous system, it is the astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia that safeguard nerve cell function and integrity that controls all behaviours and encompasses the cerebral cortex of the brain which is the root of humanity. In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells play the leading role, together with satellite glial cells of the sensory and autonomic ganglia, ensuring correct communication between the organs and tissues with the brain and the spinal cord. In the ente...
Neuroglia
Neuroglia is the only comprehensive reference book on the basic biology and function of glial cells. This long-awaited second edition has been completely reorganized and rewritten to include the dramatic advances in this field since the first edition was published ten years ago. The impact of the second edition will be greater than that of the first because the majority of neuroscientists now acknowledge that neuroglia are elemental to most, if not all, brain functions. The second edition covers the entire field of glial research from the basic molecular and cellular principles of these cells to their involvement in neurological diseases including stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sc...
Pathological Potential of Neuroglia
Pathophysiological states, neurological and psychiatric diseases are almost universally considered from the neurocentric point of view, with neurons being the principal cellular element of pathological process. The brain homeostasis, which lies at the fulcrum of healthy brain function, the compromise of which invariably results in dysfunction/disease, however, is entirely controlled by neuroglia. It is becoming clear that neuroglial cells are involved in various aspects of initiation, progression and resolution of neuropathology. In this book we aim to integrate the body of information that has accumulated in recent years revealing the active role of glia in such pathophysiological processes. Understanding roles of glial cells in pathology will provide new targets for medical intervention and aide the development of much needed therapeutics. This book will be particularly useful for researchers, students, physicians and psychotherapists working in the field of neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry.
Neuroglia
Neuroglia, the third edition, is the long-awaited revision of the most highly regarded reference volume on glial cells. This indispensable edition has been completely revised, greatly enlarged, and enhanced with four-color figures throughout, all in response to the tremendous amount of new information that has accumulated since the previous edition seven years ago. Glial cells are, without doubt, the new stars in the neuroscience and neurology communities. Neglected in research for years, it is now evident that the brain only functions in a concerted action of all the cells, namely glia and neurons. Seventy one chapters comprehensively discuss virtually every aspect of normal glial cell anat...
The Surface-Contact Glia
1. 1 Brief History The diversity of cells constituting the central nervous system did not deceive last century neurohistologists in recognizing that this organ contained essentially two cell types: the nerve cells, or as termed according to the emerging concept of neural contiguity, the neurons, and the neuroglial cells. Neurons were clearly shown to be the means of excitability, impulse generation, impulse transmission, and connectivity in the neural tissue. The neuroglia, as indicated by its name (YAloc=cement or glue) given by Virchow (1860), was thought to be the cement ing material ensuring the coherence of the nervous tissue, filling in the spaces of the neuropil, and isolating neurona...
Neuroglia in the Aging Brain
A distinguished panel of internationally recognized neuroscientists comprehensively review the involvement of and changes in glial cells both during the normal aging process and in the major disorders of old age. Topics range from the cellular and molecular changes that occur with aging-especially aging-associated activation of astrocytes and microglia and its relation to neuronal injury and repair-to neuron-glia intercommunication. The contributors show how glial signals may be modulated by hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters, intracellular metabolism, and intercellular exchanges, as well as by aging of the blood-brain barrier.
Neuroglia in C. elegans
The nematode C. elegans is one of the most important model organisms for understanding neurobiology. Its completely mapped neural connectome of 302 neurons and fully characterized and stereotyped development have made it a prototype for understanding nervous system structure, development, and function. Fifty-six out of C. elegans' total of 959 somatic cells are classified as neuroglia. Although research on worm glia has lagged behind studies focused on neurons, there has been a steep upswing in interest during the past decade. Information arising from the recent burst of research on worm glia supports the idea that C. elegans will continue to be an important animal model for understanding glial cell biology. Since the developmental lineage of all cells was mapped, each glial cell in C. elegans is known by a specific name and has research associated with it. We list and describe the glia of the hermaphrodite form of C. elegans and summarize research findings relating to each glial cell. We hope this lecture provides an informative overview of worm glia to accompany the excellent and freely available online resources available to the worm research community.
Neuroglia in Infectious Brain Diseases
In this book, we present a discussion of the immune functions of neuroglia and their interactions with common infectious diseases in the brain. While most is known about microglia and astrocytes, as are extensively reviewed here, our understanding of other glia, including oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells, continues to grow in terms of their response to infection. Our discussion focuses on the most clinically relevant and well-studied infectious diseases, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), among others, in their interactions with microglia and astrocytes. These immune responses within the central nervous system are crucial for protecting us from pathogens and yet must be carefully balanced with the need to protect brain structures that are sensitive to inflammatory damage. The complex interactions between pathogens and glia, as well as glia with other cells in the central nervous system, are an area of fascinating research that continues to grow as we attempt to translate our understanding of these processes to new treatment and prevention strategies.
