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Structural Research / Strukturforschung
107 In this way the absolute values of the structure factors may be found, not the phases (6. 8). The problem to find these phases is the phase problem. The present article will treat the following topics. At first the description of the ideal crystal will be given in Chap. B. The underlying principles of this description are the concepts of reciprocal lattice, FOURIER synthesis and sym metry. The evaluation of the intensity will then follow in Chap. C and D. Chap. E is concerned with the phase problem and related topics. Though this article treats the analysis of crystal structures, the fundamental concepts for other structures will here be found too. But these topics, and the experimental ...
The World of Learning
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Order, Disorder And Criticality: Advanced Problems Of Phase Transition Theory - Volume 7
This book is the seventh volume of review chapters on advanced problems of phase transitions and critical phenomena, the former six volumes appeared in 2004, 2007, 2012, 2015, 2018, and 2020. The aim of the book is to provide reviews in those aspects of criticality and related subjects that are currently attracting much attention due to essential new contributions.The book consists of five chapters. They discuss criticality of complex systems, where the new, emergent properties appear via collective behaviour of simple elements as well as historical aspects of studies in the field of critical phenomena. Since all complex systems involve cooperative behaviour between many interconnected components, the field of phase transitions and critical phenomena provides a very natural conceptual and methodological framework for their study.As the first six volumes, this book is based on the review lectures that were given in Lviv (Ukraine) at the 'Ising lectures' — a traditional annual workshop on complex systems, phase transitions and critical phenomena which aims to bring together experts in these fields with university students and those who are interested in the subject.
Optical Excitation in the Charge Transfer of Ne+ Ions with the Molecules N2, O2 and CO2 at Energies Below 250 EVolt
An experimental investigation of the light emission being excited by charge transfer collisions between ground level Ne(+) ions and molecules of N2, O2, and CO2 at collisional energies up to 250 eVolts has shown optical excitation of the molecular ions being formed. The spectral scannings show the main system of N2(+) and mainly the first negative system of O2(+). Thus N2(+) is formed in the excited B doublet Sigma(u)(+) levels and O2(+) in the b quadruplet Sigma(g)( - ) and to a smaller amount in the A doublet Pi(u) levels. Both reactions approach energy resonance within 1 to 3 eVolts as far as it is possible following the Franck-Condon principle. The spectral scannings measured with CO2 as...
