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The essays that make up this volume, explore the idea of public reason. The task of identifying a distinctively public reason has become pressing in our deeply pluralistic society, just because doubt has arisen whether what is good reasoning for one must be good reasoning for all. Examining the theories of Hobbes and Kant, and also using more recent work such as the comments and theories of John Rawls and David Gauthier, this book explores aspects of the idea of public reason. It explains public reason, and discusses areas such as pluralism, reasonable disagreement, moral conflict, political legitimacy, public justification and post-modernism.
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Urugwaj, a właściwie Wschodnia Republika Urugwaju, jest z wielu względów krajem niezwykłym. Już sama jego nazwa, tłumaczona z języka guaraní jako „rzeka malowanych ptaków”, daje przedsmak tej wyjątkowości. Do światowej prasy Urugwaj trafia regularnie za sprawą przełomowych, bezprecedensowych posunięć, które przyciągają uwagę innych społeczeństw (…). Urugwaj jako pierwszy kraj na świecie ustanowił państwo opiekuńcze. W wyniku splotu wyjątkowych okoliczności stał się krajem świeckim – zaledwie 46% społeczeństwa deklaruje przynależność do Kościoła katolickiego, bardzo pod tym względem kontrastując z tradycyjnie religijną Ameryką Łacińską. Od...
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Hartman's revolutionary book introduces formal orderly thinking into value theory. It identifies three basic kinds of value, intrinsic goods (e.g., people as ends in themselves), extrinsic goods (e.g., things and actions as means to ends), and systemic goods (conceptual values). All good things share a common formal or structural pattern: they fulfill the ideal standards or "concepts" that we apply to them. Thus, this theory is called "formal axiology." Some values are richer in good-making property-fulfillment than others, so some desirable things are better than others and form patterned hierarchies of value. How we value is just as important as what we value, and evaluations, like values, share structures or formal patterns, as this book demonstrates. Hartman locates all of this solidly within the framework of historical value theory, but he moves successfully and creatively beyond philosophical tradition and toward the creation of a new value science.
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This book uses scientific validity measures to create empirical value science and a normative new science of axiological psychology by integrating cognitive psychology with Robert S. Hartman's formal theory of axiological science. It reveals a scientific way to identify and rank human values, achieving values appreciation, values clarification, and values measurement for the twenty first century.