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The image analysis community has put much effort into developing systems for the automatic reading of various types of documents containing text, graphic information, and pictures. A closely related but much more problematic task is the reading and interpretation of line drawings such as maps, engineering drawings, and diagrams. This book considers the problem in detail, analyzes its theoretical foundations, and analyzes existing approaches and systems.
This volume in the SPIE Tutorial Text series presents a practical approach to optical testing, with emphasis on techniques, procedures, and instrumentation rather than mathematical analysis. The author provides the reader with a basic understanding of the measurements made and the tools used to make those measurements. Detailed information is given on how to measure and characterize imaging systems, perform optical bench measurements to determine first- and third-order properties of optical systems, set up and operate a Fizeau interferometer and evaluate fringe data, conduct beam diagnostics (such as wavefront sensing), and perform radiometric calibrations.
Radiometry is an essential part of the optical design of virtually every optical instrument, and key to many applications. It is also used to measure the radiation of various objects. This tutorial examines both the techniques of calculating radiative transfer and the measurement of fluxes and radiometric properties of various sorts.
This text covers lithography process control at several levels, from fundamental through advanced topics. The book is a self-contained tutorial that works both as an introduction to the technology and as a reference for the experienced lithographer. It reviews the foundations of statistical process control as background for advanced topics such as complex processes and feedback. In addition, it presents control methodologies that may be applied to process development pilot lines.
From a strict semantic point of view, nonlinear image processing encompasses all image processing that is not based on linear operators; however, from a practical, evolutionary point of view, the name itself is usually associated with the study of nonlinear filters, mainly the deterministic and nondeterministic analysis and design of logic-based operators. This Tutorial Text volume explores logic-based operators with emphasis on representation, design, and statistical optimization of nonlinear filters.
This tutorial will help technical professionals in optics determine whether their technologies have potential application in the life sciences. It also is useful as a 'prep class' for more detailed books on biology and biotechnology, filling the gap between fundamental and high-level approaches.
A broad variety of techniques described in this book, as applied to a number of tasks in robotics, provide the reader with a feel for the potential of lasers and fiber optics in this area of increasing relevance. The many examples of devices and systems that are included here are of interest to the nonspecialist as well as to the researcher and industrial practitioner.
This tutorial text focuses on the optics and detector aspects of infrared system design. It introduces the terminology, processes, and instrument design techniques available. Design examples are based on real problems investigated by the author.