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The U.S.-Mexico Remittance Corridor
The experience of Mexican nationals who send money home from the United States forms the basis for this study. The authors identify three stages of the remittance process: the First Mile, when decisions are in the hands of the remittance sender; the Intermediary Stage, comprising systems that facilitate the cross-border transfer of funds; and the Last Mile, where the funds reach the hands of the remittance recipient. This analysis, covering the last eight years, may provide guidance for other remittance sending and receiving countries that seek to encourage formalization of the flow.
Integrity in Mobile Phone Financial Services
Governments are challenged to make an innovation-friendly climate while simultaneously ensuring that business development remain sustainable. Criminal use of the technology terrorist financing and money laundering challenges long-run business viability via risk of massive investment flight and public distrust of new players entering the market. Sustainable business models are those that base regulation on a careful risk-based analysis. This study identifies the perceived risks and compares them with the actual level of risk for each category of mobile phone financial services. The comparison reveals that the perceptions do not weigh up to the reality. Based on fieldwork in seven locations where the technology has taken off, this paper finds that providers apply measures that are consistent with international standards to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. It identifies the sometimes non-traditional means the industry uses that both mitigate the risks and are in line with good business practices. Acknowledging that mobile phone financial services are no riskier than other channels, governments are called to treat them as an opportunity to expand access to finance.
The Malaysia-Indonesia Remittance Corridor
In Malaysia, Indonesian migrants are showing an increasingly clear preference for informal transfer mechanisms compared to their counterparts in other countries. A little less than half of all Indonesian migrants overseas&—thought to be around 2 million&—are working in Malaysia. An increasing number of migrants are women, and the corridor is also marked by a high number of undocumented migrants. Despite the increasing flows of migrants, only about 10 percent of the estimated flow of remittances into Indonesia from Malaysia is transferred through the formal system. The extent of the preference fo.
Remittances
Migrants have long faced unwarranted constraints to sending money to family members and relatives in their home countries, among them costly fees and commissions, inconvenient formal banking hours, and inefficient domestic banking services that delay final payment to the beneficiaries. Yet such remittances are perhaps the largest source of external finance in developing countries. Officially recorded remittance flows to developing countries exceeded US$125 billion in 2004, making them the second largest source of development finance after foreign direct investment. This book demonstrates that governments in developing countries increasingly recognize the importance of remittance flows and are quickly addressing these constraints.
The Canada-Caribbean Remittance Corridor
Several economies in the Caribbean region, especially from the lower-income group, are highly dependent on remittances. Between 1991 and 2006, the combined flows of total remittances reaching the Caribbean have averaged almost 17 percent annual growth, surpassing US$6 billion in 2005 and overtaking the region’s total ODA and FDI inflows. In addition, remittances represent more than 20 percent of the domestic gross domestic product (GDP) in some Caribbean countries and have played a significant role in lessening both balance of payment deficits and the impact of natural disasters to which the region is particularly vulnerable. This study undertakes an analysis of the various dynamics u...
Africa and its Global Diaspora
The book presents a thorough study of the changing landscape of state-diaspora relations in Africa, as well as a robust analysis of diaspora engagement policies being pursued across the continent. As the Africa diaspora strengthens its socio-economic and political clout, countries of origin in Africa have sought to engage their citizens living abroad. Over the past decade, the role of diaspora in the homeland development has become a core tenet of national strategies and policies. Against the backdrop of expanding globalization and deepening regional integration, the book presents a thorough study of the changing landscape of state-diaspora relations in Africa, as well as a robust analysis of diaspora engagement policies being pursued across the continent as states seek to extend rights to and extract obligations from their global citizens.
Black Money and Economic Crimes
In the modern economic system, Black Money refers to funds earned in the black market, on which income and other taxes have not been paid. The total amount of black money deposited in foreign banks by Indians is unknown, but one estimate by an expert reveals that the black money held by Indians, in foreign banks is more than all the black money, hoarded by people in the rest of the world, combined together. While official numbers are not available, Swiss banking personnel have also said that the largest depositors of illegal foreign money in Switzerland are Indians. Black Money is an economic term, hard to define, accurately. Black Money is also sometimes used for payments to evade tax. Howe...
The World Bank Research Program, 2005-2007
This pocket-sized reference on key environmental data for over 200 countries includes key indicators on agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, energy, emission and pollution, and water and sanitation. The volume helps establish a sound base of information to help set priorities and measure progress toward environmental sustainability goals.
Illicit Transnational Businesses in a Global Economy: How Criminals and Terrorists Pay the Bills
This writing examines the structures and procedures of illicit businesses: the narcotics trade, arms smuggling, and human trafficking, and discuss their operations within a legal and financial context. Subsequent sections explore the thread that ties all of these enterprises together: money laundering (ML). It looks at practices money launderers use to mask illegal income; and then describes the anti-money laundering (AML) and countering of terrorist financing (CTF)-oriented legal mechanisms that are used to combat them, with an emphasis on UK and US law. The final section considers the status of the techniques used to counter the flow of illegal money, and makes recommendations for their improvement.
New Technologies, New Risks?
New financial and communication technologies offer a great opportunity to improve the lives of people everywhere. For instance, millions of impoverished people now have access to the financial system through stored value cards or mobile phones. However, some are concerned that governments are not always aware of these innovations in their jurisdictions. This has prompted fear that fast-moving terrorist groups could expand funding undetected. The fear has led some countries to take a restrictive stance on the technologies' use, either by outright prohibition or by placing unnecessary limitations that deter market development. Authorities are therefore challenged to tackle the double-sided nature of technological advancement: promoting security and economic growth. 'New Technologies, New Risks? Innovation and Countering the Financing of Terrorism' explores how money flows via these mediums, risks they pose, and how governments have mitigated the risks.
