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Social, Economic and Cultural Aspects in the Dynamic Changing Process of Old Industrial Regions
In the old industrial regions of the Ruhr District (Germany), Upper Silesia (Poland) and the Ostrava Region (Czech Republic), coal as well as iron and steel have been the economic basis for many decades. In the Ruhr District important changes already started at the end of the 1950s. In Upper Silesia and in the Ostrava Region, however, these processes started at the end of the 1980s together with the transformation of the economic and social system in these countries. Because of high unemployment, steps are taken to modernize the economy and to retrain employees. All three regions cannot develop out of their own strength, but there are programmes in order to support this process.
Popular Catholicism in Nineteenth-Century Germany
Focusing on an area roughly equivalent to the contemporary state of North Rhine-Westphalia, this description of popular religious life between 1830 and 1880 revises established postitions of German historiography. It depicts thee increasing laicization of the first half of the nineteenth century, with its mediocre church attendance and secularized morality, and goes on to show how the two decdes after 1850 reversed the trend toward secularization. During the latter period, renewal of the people's loyalty to the church encouraged a developing political Catholicism. The author demonstrates that urbanization and industrialization may well have strengthened popular piety, rather than weakening i...
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