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Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho?)calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)
Sponges usually obtain their distinct shape and structure by arrangement of mineral or organic skeletal elements (spicules, ?bers). A small group, although provided with spicules, nevertheless is incapable of developing recognizable shapes because the type of structural spicules they have (equal-length four-rayed siliceous elements called calthrops) preclude the possibility of building a cohesive skeleton. Such sponges insinuate themselves in crevices and holes, diminishing the chance of their discovery and collection. The study addresses the taxonomy and biodiversity of two globally distributed genera of these sponges, Dercitus and Calthropella, including the description of ten new species (of 38 species so far documented). The two genera appear similar in spiculation, but they differ in the types of small spicules (microscleres). This induces a discussion of their phylogeny and classi? cation: are they closely related or is it convergent evolution? No proposals are made for a rearranged classi? cation pending independent evidence from molecular studies.
Systema Porifera
Research whilst compiling this book has uncovered a fauna about twice the size as that previously published in the literature and consequently Systema Porifera revises and stabilizes the systematics of the phylum to accommodate this new knowledge in a contemporary framework. Practical tools (key illustrations, descriptions of character) are provided to facilitate the assignment of approximately 680 extant and 100 fossil genera. Systema Porifera is unique making sponge taxonomy widely available at the practical level of classification (genera, families, order). It is a taxonomic revision of sponges and spongiomorphis (such as sphinctozoans and archaeocyathans) based on re-evaluation of type m...
Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems
This book summarizes what is known about mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) geographically and by major taxa. MCEs are characterized by light-dependent corals and associated communities typically found at depths ranging from 30-40 m. and extending to over 150 m. in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. They are populated with organisms typically associated with shallow coral reefs, such as macroalgae, corals, sponges, and fishes, as well as specialist species unique to mesophotic depths. During the past decade, there has been an increasing scientific and management interest in MCEs expressed by the exponential increase in the number of publications studying this unique environment. Despite th...
Ancient Animals, New Challenges
This book summarizes the latest advances in sponge science through a concise selection of studies presented at the VIII World Sponge Conference. The collection of articles reflects hot, ongoing debates in molecular research, such as the monophyletic versus paraphyletic nature of the sponge group, or the new awareness on pros and cons of standard barcodes and other markers in sponge taxonomy and phylogeny. It also features articles showing how the new sequencing technologies reveal the functional and phylogenetic complexity of the "microbial universe" associated to sponge tissues. The ecological interactions of sponges, the effects of nutrients and pollutants, the variability in reproductive ...
Fractal Modelling
In this book, methods from fractal geometry are applied to model growth forms, taking as a case study a type of growth process which can be found among various taxonomic classes such as sponges and corals. These models can be used, for example, to understand the amazing variety of forms to be found in a coral reef and to simulate their growth with 2D and 3D geometrical objects. Models which mimic the growth of forms and the environmental influence on the growth process are also useful for ecologists, as a combination of simulation models together with the actual growth forms can be used to detect the effects of slow changes in the environment.
The Algorithmic Beauty of Seaweeds, Sponges and Corals
With contributions by E.Abraham, D.Barnes, R.Carpenter, L.Collado, P.Dodds, S.Dudgeon, D.Garbary, S.Gatti, B.Helmuth, M.R.Koehl, H.Lasker, R.Merks., W.Müller, S.Muko, B. Rinkevich, J.Sanchez, P.Sloot, M.Vermeij
The Light and Smith Manual
The Fourth Edition of The Light and Smith Manual continues a sixty-five-year tradition of providing to both students and professionals an indispensable, comprehensive, and authoritative guide to Pacific coast marine invertebrates of coastal waters, rocky shores, sandy beaches, tidal mud flats, salt marshes, and floats and docks. This classic and unparalleled reference has been newly expanded to include all common and many rare species from Point Conception, California, to the Columbia River, one of the most studied areas in the world for marine invertebrates. In addition, although focused on the central and northern California and Oregon coasts, this encyclopedic source is useful for anyone ...
Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America
Life began in the sea, and even today most of the deep diversity of the planet is marine. This is often forgotten, especially in tropical countries like Costa Rica, renowned for their rain forests and the multitude of life forms found therein. Thus this book focusing on marine diversity of Costa Rica is particularly welcome. How many marine species are there in Costa Rica? The authors report a total of 6,777 species, or 3. 5% of the world’s total. Yet the vast majority of marine species have yet to be formally described. Recent estimates of the numbers of species on coral reefs range from 1–9 million, so that the true number of marine species in Costa Rica is certainly far higher. In som...
