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The human body is composed of several systems and organs, consisting of millions of cells that need relatively stable conditions to function and contribute to the survival of the body as a whole. The maintenance of stable conditions for the cells against the variations of the external environment is an essential function of the body and is called homeostasis. As a consequence of the loss of homeostasis, a disease is manifested. This book aims to provide the reader with an up-to-date view of the self-regulatory mechanisms that are activated to achieve homeostasis, the pathways that are altered during the disease process, and how medicine can intervene to restore balance in critical patients.
The effects of microgravity on the human organism have been studied for over 60 years. The experience of short- and long-term space flights revealed alterations in multiple physiological systems either in the course of the flight or afterward. Some of these changes represent serious risks for crew health and functional capacity. This fact served as the trigger for multiple countries with space program participants to develop spaceflight countermeasures and medical support systems. These activities are intended to counteract space flight effects such as axial and support unloading, muscle disuse, monotony, fluid redistribution, sensory deficit, etc. Some countermeasures have been adapted from...
The Irish Republican Army (IRA) has for decades pursued the goal of unifying its homeland into a single sovereign nation, ending British rule in Northern Ireland. Over the years, the IRA has been dramatized in motion pictures directed by John Ford (The Informer), Carol Reed (Odd Man Out), David Lean (Ryan's Daughter), Neil Jordan (Michael Collins), and many others. Such international film stars as Liam Neeson, James Cagney, Richard Gere, James Mason and Anthony Hopkins have portrayed IRA members alternately as heroic patriots, psychotic terrorists and tormented rebels. This work analyzes celluloid depictions of the IRA from the 1916 Easter Rising to the peace process of the 1990s. Topics include America's role in creating both the IRA and its cinematic image, the organization's brief association with the Nazis, and critical reception of IRA films in Ireland, Britain and the United States.