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Immunohistochemical Expression
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an ancillary method, widely used in pathologists’ practice, that allows identifying diagnostic and prognostic/predictive of therapeutic response protein markers on tissue samples by the use of specific monoclonal antibodies and chromogenic substances that guarantee the visualization of an antibody–antigene binding complex under a light microscope [1]. Coon et al., in 1941 [2], first introduced the use of fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies in clinical practice. Since then, IHC has gone from being a useful tool for identifying the differentiation line of otherwise undifferentiated cells to a technique capable of providing not only diagnostic but also prognostic and predictive indications of responses to specific therapeutic options [1,3]. The abovementioned peculiarities have made IHC one of the most used ancillary methods in the histopathological approach to human neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases [3-5]. This Special Issue contains 11 accepted papers that provide readers with a comprehensive update on current and future applications of IHC in medical practice.
Glioblastoma: State of the Art and Future Perspectives
Glioblastoma is an aggressive incurable primary tumor of the central nervous system. Median overall survival is in the range of 1.5 years even in selected clinical trials populations. Many features contribute to this therapeutic challenge including high intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity, resistance to therapy, migration and invasion, immunosuppression. With the access of novel highthroughput technologies, significant progress has been made to understand molecular and immunological signatures underlying the pathology of glioblastoma. Clinical trial designs have shifted from investigating broad “one-for-all” treatment approaches to precision oncology designs. The collection of contributions in this book aim at providing researchers and clinicians an update on different aspects of glioblastoma, i.e. progress in basic, preclinical and clinical research.
Advances in Molecular and Pharmacological Mechanisms of Novel Targeted Therapies for Melanoma
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer with invasive growth patterns. Recent advances in melanoma management have focused on cell growth, proliferation, migration, and survival biomarkers. Numerous FDA-approved molecular-targeted therapies, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), have been developed targeting genetic biomarkers that play a critical role in tumorigenesis when overexpressed. The use of targeted therapies as an alternative or adjuvant to immunotherapy has revolutionized the management of metastatic melanoma. Although this treatment strategy is more efficacious and less toxic than traditional therapies, targeted therapies are less effective after prolonged treatment due to acquired resistance given the mutations and activation of resistant mechanisms in melanoma tumors. In this sense, identifying novel target therapies and repositioned drugs that could modulate the disease progression, the potential molecular and pharmacological mechanisms of therapies are of utmost interest.
Nanoparticles in Cancer Theranostics
This book comprehensively reviews the application of nanoparticles in cancer diagnosis and treatment. The introductory section provides a fundamental understanding of cancer biology, its global incidence and prevalence, and the intricate nano–bio interactions at the cellular level. The subsequent section discusses the pivotal role of nanoparticles in precise cancer detection, enhancing cancer imaging and serving as contrast agents for accurate diagnosis. It also presents cutting-edge nanotechnology-based methods for detecting HTLV-1 retroviruses. The following section covers the utilization of lipid-based nanoparticles, monoclonal antibodies, and advanced nanotherapeutics for targeted cancer treatments. This book is a useful resource for researchers, clinicians, and students in the fields of oncology and nanotechnology.
Supercomputer and Chemistry 2
Ottobrunn, November 19-20, 1990
Advances in the Molecular Mechanisms in Gastrointestinal Tumorigenesis and Treatment
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, the group of cancers that affect the gastrointestinal tract and other organs that are contained within the digestive system, including the esophagus, pancreas, stomach, colon, rectum, anus, liver, biliary system and small intestine, is the most common malignant diseases with high mortality rates, leading to a substantial burden on public health and healthcare systems around the world. Diverse subtypes of GI cancer impressively exhibit similar characteristics like high frequency oncogenic mutation burden, early metastatic potency, chemo-resistance and immunotherapeutic tolerance indicating a possible unique tumorigenic mechanism.
