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Ultrahigh Pressure Mineralogy
Volume 37 of Reviews in Mineralogy, divided into three sections, begins with an overview (Chapter 1) of the remarkable advances in the ability to subject minerals-not only as pristine single-crystal samples but also complex, natural mineral assemblages-to extreme pressure-temperature conditions in the laboratory. These advances parallel the development of an arsenal of analytical methods for measuring mineral behavior under those conditions. This sets the stage for section two (Chapters 2-8) which focuses on high-pressure minerals in their geological setting as a function of depth. This top-down approach begins with what we know from direct sampling of high-pressure minerals and rocks brough...
High Pressure Phenomena
This volume reports on the Enrico Fermi School, the first one dedicated to advanced organic materials. The main research results and open problems in science and technology of organic nanostructures have been discussed here - in particular, growth techniques, electronic and optical properties and device applications. The necessary background material has been covered and interdisciplinary aspects have been emphasized with the aim of a unified approach to the basic physical phenomena bridging the gap between standard graduate courses and the state of the art in the field.
Physics Meets Mineralogy
Leading international researchers discuss the application of condensed matter physics to mineralogy and crystallography.
High-Pressure Materials Research:
There has been extraordinary developments in the field of high-pressure materials research. Presented within traditional forums of geoscience and planetary science, materials science under pressure is acquiring a life of its own and high pressure is being used as a window to explore problems in these fields. It is undeniable that high-pressure research has gained a number of contributors from outside the community and occurred as tabletop high-pressure experiments became possible due to the use of diamond anvils cells, the development of accurate and convenient pressure and accelerating developments in techniques used for probing physical and chemical properties of materials at high pressure. This book highlights materials science at the intersection of diverse disciplines. Topics include: earth materials at high pressure; dynamic compression; static compression; new techniques - theory and experiments; high-pressure synthesis and superhard materials; hydrogen at high temperature; semi-conductors and superconductors at high pressure; dense solids - molecular and metallic; and metastability, amorphization and glasses.
Materials Research at High Pressure:
High-pressure materials research has been revolutionized in the past few years due to technological breakthroughs in the diamond anvil cell (DAC), shock wave compression, and first-principles molecular dynamic simulation (MD) methods. Pressure-induced chemistry and high-pressure synthesis of superhard materials were topics of the successful Symposium DD, High-Pressure Materials Research, held at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting in Boston. Since then, a plethora of discoveries have been made, including new materials synthesized under high pressure, geophysical-geochemical material conversion and ionization prior to polymerization of molecular solids. Additionally, new experimental and computational techniques, such as in situ studies of materials properties and transformations using laser heating are increasingly providing a deeper insight and a few surprises for the behavior and properties of matter at elevated pressure conditions. This book provides a timely report on progress in the field. Topics include: synthesis and characterization; disordered systems; dense molecular materials; and properties under extreme conditions.
High Pressure Geochemistry & Mineral Physics
Significant achievements have been made at the cross-roads of physics and planetary science. In the second half of the twentieth century, the discipline of planetary sciences has witnessed three major episodes which have revolutionized its approach and content: (i) the plate-tectonic theory, (ii) human landing and discoveries in planetary astronomy and (iii) the extraordinary technical advancement in high P-T studies, which have been abetted by a vast improvement in computational methods. Using these new computational methods, such as first principles including ab initio models, calculations have been made for the electronic structure, bonding, thermal EOS, elasticity, melting, thermal condu...
Assessment of the NASA Applied Sciences Program
Remote sensing data and models from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are the basis for a wide spectrum of scientific research endeavors and are key inputs to many public and private services. The NASA Applied Sciences Program (ASP) and its precursors have been tasked with ensuring the extension of NASA Earth observation data and associated research into practical applications for society through external partnerships. With approximately five years having elapsed under the current ASP structure, and a growing government-wide emphasis on societal benefits in its Earth observing programs, NASA and the ASP leadership asked the National Research Council to assess ASP's approach in extending NASA research results to practical, societal applications. The report recommends that ASP partnerships should focus not only federal agencies but alsoon direct engagement of the broader community of users. The report also recommends that ASP enhance communication and feedback mechanisms with its partners, with the end users and beneficiaries of NASA data and research, and with the NASA organization.
Building Community Disaster Resilience Through Private-Public Collaboration
Natural disasters-including hurricanes, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and floods-caused more than 220,000 deaths worldwide in the first half of 2010 and wreaked havoc on homes, buildings, and the environment. To withstand and recover from natural and human-caused disasters, it is essential that citizens and communities work together to anticipate threats, limit their effects, and rapidly restore functionality after a crisis. Increasing evidence indicates that collaboration between the private and public sectors could improve the ability of a community to prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. Several previous National Research Council reports have identified specific example...
Mining Safety and Health Research at NIOSH
The U.S. mining sector has the highest fatality rate of any industry in the country. Fortunately, advances made over the past three decades in mining technology, equipment, processes, procedures, and workforce education and training have significantly improved safety and health. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Mining Safety and Health Research Program (Mining Program) has played a large role in these improvements. An assessment of the relevance and impact of NIOSH Mining Program research by a National Research Council committee reveals that the program makes essential contributions to the enhancement of health and safety in the mining industry. To further increase its effectiveness, the Mining Program should proactively identify workplace hazards and establish more challenging and innovative goals toward hazard reduction. The ability of the program to successfully expand its activities, however, depends on available funding.
