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Wisdom of Amenemope
The Wisdom of Amenemope (also called the Wisdom of Amenemopet, Instruction of Amenemope, or Instructions of Amenemopet) is an ancient Egyptian text that has mostly survived to the present, dating to sometime between 1550 and 1350 BC. Egyptian wisdom literature served as an inspiration for several ancient Israelite books, including the Deuteronomy, Psalms, Proverbs, and the Wisdom of Joshua ben Sira. The most significant influence of Amenemope on the Israelite texts is found in the book of Proverbs, which appears to be directly influenced by Amenemope. The Wisdom of Amenemope was lost for over 2000 years, however, in the late 1800s, several copies were found by Egyptologists both on papyrus a...
Septuagint: Amos
The Book of Amos is generally considered one of the older surviving books of the Hebrew Scriptures, with most scholars dating it to before the Torah was compiled, or at least heavily redacted in the time of King Josiah. Most scholars accept that Amos was written by a prophet called Amos between 760 and 755 BC, who was most likely from the town of Tuqu, in the Kingdom of Judea, in the southern region of the modern Palestinian West Bank. His world was very different from the later Kingdom of Judea that emerged in the 2nd-century BC, as the Israelites of his time were still polytheistic, worshiping the Canaanite Elohim, as well as statues of Iaw (Masoretic Yahweh), the God the Jews and Samarita...
Septuagint: Micah
The Book of Micah is generally considered one of the older surviving books of the Hebrew Scriptures, with most scholars dating it to before the Torah was compiled, or at least heavily redacted in the time of King Josiah. Most scholars accept that Micah was written by a prophet called Micah between 737 and 969 BC, who was most likely from the town of Moresheth in the Kingdom of Judea or the city-state of Gath, in the modern Palestinian West Bank. His world was very different from the later Kingdom of Judea that emerged in the 2nd-century BC, as the Israelites of his time were still polytheistic, worshiping the Canaanite Elohim, as well as statues of Iaw (Masoretic Yahweh), the God the Jews an...
1st Enoch: Book of the Watchers
The five books of Enoch are a collection of books written in Semitic languages, and often grouped together as the 'Book of Enoch,' or '1st Enoch.' The books were likely written at different points in time and different Semitic languages. The first book was the Book of the Watchers, which is generally considered to be the oldest book in the collection, however, the age of the book is debated. The book is now known to have originated long before Christianity since the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, however, was lost for well over a thousand years to Europeans, and assumed to be a Christian-era work when the Europeans rediscovered it in Ethiopia. The five books of Enoch only survive in Ge'e...
Septuagint: Daniel (Chisianus Version)
The Old Greek translation was the version originally in the Septuagint, however, the authenticity and accuracy of any and all versions of the Book of Daniel have always been in doubt. The Codex Chisianus (also known as the Chigi Manuscript 88) is accepted as being the closest to the Old Greek translation. It claims to be a copy of the Christian scholar Origen of Alexandria's recension from circa 240 AD, and as the Syriac translation of Origen's recension from 616 and 617 AD, the Syro-Hexaplar Codex, is virtually identical, they are both accepted as Origen's work. Origen rejected both the shorter version of Daniel found in the Hebrew and Aramaic translation that the Jews of his day were using...
Septuagint: Wisdom of Joshua ben Sira
The Wisdom of Joshua ben Sira was likely the last book added to the Septuagint, in 132 BC, after Joshua ben Sira's grandson translated it in Alexandria. The book is known by several names, including Sirach, Wisdom of Sirach, Wisdom of Jesus Sirach, ben Sira, Ecclesiasticus, and the Book of the All-Virtuous Wisdom of Yeshua ben Sira. This diversity of names is based on the fact that the Masorites did not copy the text, however, an Aramaic copy and some fragments of the ancient Hebrew version have survived. As the Masorites did not copy the Wisdom of Solomon, it was ultimately dropped from most Protestant bibles, however, remains part of the Catholic, Orthodox, and Tewahedo Bibles. Hebrew and ...
2nd Enoch: Book of Parables
The Book of Parables is unique in that no fragments of it have yet been documented within the Dead Sea scrolls. As the Books of Enoch have traditionally been used by the Beta-Israel community, and it is likely a book they carried south from Egypt to Kush and later the Ethiopian highlands, the Book of Parables must have been part of the collection before 200 BC, as their primary holy book, the Orit, is based on an early Greek version of the Septuagint in circulation between circa 225 and 200 BC, which only had eight books. After 200 BC, additional books had been translated by the Library of Alexandria, and therefore, if they left Egypt after 200 BC, they would have had a larger collection of ...
Septuagint: Psalms of Solomon
Psalms of Solomon was once in the Codex Alexandrinus' appendix, however, that section was ripped out at some point, and only the title survives. So far only eleven copies of the Psalms of Solomon have been found in ancient Septuagint manuscripts, all dating to between the 11th and 15th centuries, however, scholars generally assume the translation found in the Peshitta was made from a copy of the Septuagint sometime between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD, and that it was in early-Christian era copies of the Septuagint, as there are several references to it found in early Christian writing. It is universally agreed that the Psalms of Solomon is a pre-Christian work, as early Christian writers re...
Septuagint: Zephaniah
The Book of Zephaniah is generally considered one of the older surviving books of the Hebrew Scriptures, with most scholars dating it to before the Torah was written, or at least heavily redacted in the time of King Josiah. Most scholars accept that Zephaniah was written by a prophet called Zephaniah between 630 and 612 BC, however, very little is known about him. His world was very different from the later Kingdom of Judea that emerged in the 2nd-century BC, as the Israelites of his time were still polytheistic, worshiping the Canaanite gods, as well as statues of Iaw (Masoretic Yahweh), the God the Jews and Samaritans would later worship. Based on the contents of Zephaniah’s writing, the...
Testament of Adam
The Testament of Adam is an early Christian work, which likely drew from older Jewish and Sethian sources. It has survived into the present in multiple languages including Greek, Syriac, Arabic, Karshuni, Ethiopic, Armenian, and Georgian. The original text was likely in Aramaic or Syriac, although Greek is also a possibility. The oldest surviving copy is from the 9th-century AD, however historians are confident that it influenced the 'Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan' and other early Christian works, as well as early Islamic works, and are therefore confident is dating it to the 2nd to 5th-centuries AD. The fact that it includes the prediction that the world was about to end in fire, dates is reasonably conclusively to the 2nd-century AD, when that belief was common among Christians.
