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Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are increasingly an important vehicle for several Western Balkan countries to increase investment to reduce their infrastructure gaps. While there are benefits to well-designed and implemented PPPs, they also carry a potential for large fiscal risks and increased costs if not managed well. Countries with successful PPP programs typically benefit from a clear and well-designed PPP governance framework, which covers all stages of the PPP life cycle. Western Balkan countries need to address gaps in their PPP governance frameworks to fully reap the potential benefits from PPPs.
While the level of disparities across regions in 10 advanced European economies studied in this paper mostly reflects productivity gaps, the increase since the Great Recession has resulted from diverging unemployment rates. Following the pandemic, this could be further exacerbated given teleworkability rates are lower in poorer regions than in high-income regions, making them ex-ante more vulnerable to the pandemic’s likely material impact on the prevalence of remote work. Preliminary evidence from 2020 confirms that regional disparities between countries increased during 2020. A further concern is that the pandemic might accelerate the automation of jobs across Europe, something which oft...
The Portuguese economy has sustained its dynamic recovery from the pandemic. Driven by private consumption and external demand, growth in 2022 was markedly higher than the euro area (6.7 percent versus 3.5 percent). Growth is projected to slow to 2.6 percent in 2023, with downdrafts from higher cost of living on domestic demand and a slower external demand growth. Headline inflation is expected to decline from 8.1 percent in 2022 to 5.6 percent in 2023, with core inflation declining more gradually. Near-term risks to the outlook are broadly balanced—key downside risks arise from tighter-than-projected financial conditions and weaker global growth, offset by upsides from tourism.
Greece: Selected Issues
Greece: Selected Issues
Several emerging market central banks in Europe deployed asset purchase programs (APPs) amid the 2020 pandemic. The common main goals were to address market dysfunction and impaired monetary transmission, distinct from the quantitative easing conducted by major advanced economy central banks. Likely reflecting the global nature of the crisis, these APPs defied the traditional emerging market concern of destabilizing the exchange rate or inflation expectations and instead alleviated markets successfully. We uncover some evidence that APPs in European emerging markets stabilized government bond markets and boosted equity prices, with no indication of exchange rate pressure. Examining global an...
This paper explores the evolution of informality in Greece as it is widely considered one of the major structural impediments to fiscal capacity and sustainable growth. It finds that informality has dropped significantly in Greece in recent years, although there were temporary increases during the sovereign debt crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. Lower informality is also found to be associated with higher subsequent per capita GDP growth and higher tax revenue. Moreover, Greece’s significant recent progress in digitalization appears to have helped reduce informality. There remains scope to further reduce informality by accelerating digitalization and the ongoing pro-growth structural reforms.
"Hurry, hurry up!" Looking at the excited beauty beside him, Liang Hao gripped the steering wheel and broke out in a cold sweat! Although both men liked pretty girls, the unruly nurse driving the car coupled with the cold and beautiful female killer, this pair of beautiful sisters, he really did not dare to provoke them! Not only that, the marriage arranged by the elders was not allowed to be annulled! A childhood sweetheart, no marriage allowed! It looked like they would have to make a new marriage, but in this vast crowd of thousands of beautiful women, where was the right place to strike?
A biographical dictionary devoted to Chinese women, this text is the result of years of research, translation and writing from contributors from around the world. This volume focuses on the 20th century and includes sportwomen, film stars, musicians, politicians, artists, educators and more.