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Generative Mental Processes and Cognitive Resources
In recent years, a booming research interest has been observed in linking basic cognitive processes with a variety of social and clinical phenomena. Evidence comes from the increasing popularity of psychological paradigms such as social cognition, cognitive psychopathology or cognitive aging. What links those paradigms is their special focus on explaining cognitive phenomena by use of the concept of mental resources. Immediate reasons for such a focus are found in the growing emphasis on understanding everyday dynamics of thinking and acting within a complex world, as well as within personal constraints. Obviously, our current goals and choice of activities constrain and influence our reason...
Multimedia Comprehension
Multimedia messages use combinations of texts, pictures, maps, and graphs as tools for communication. This book provides a synthesis of theory and research about how people comprehend multimedia. It adopts the perspectives of cognitive psychology, semiotics, anthropology, linguistics, education, and art. Its central idea is that information displays can be categorized into two different but complementary forms of representations, which service different purposes in human cognition and communication. Specific interaction between these representations enhances comprehension, thinking, and problem solving, as illustrated by numerous examples. Multimedia Comprehension is written for a broad audience with no special prior knowledge. It is of interest to everyone trying to understand how people comprehend multimedia, from scholars and students in psychology, communication, and education, to web- and interface-designers and instructors.
Zur Rolle des Vorwissens beim Verstehen literarischer Texte
Ricarda Freudenberg untersucht Abiturklausuren in Hinblick auf die Qualität der Wissensanwendung zur Erschließung und zum Vergleich zweier Sonette von Hoffmannswaldau und Brecht. Dabei stehen diese Fragen im Mittelpunkt: Welches Vorwissen war beim Verstehen hilfreich? Worauf sind Probleme beim Textverstehen zurückzuführen? Wie kann Literaturunterricht dazu beitragen, dass SchülerInnen maximalen Gewinn aus den in der Kursstufe erworbenen Wissensbeständen für das Verstehen literarischer Texte beziehen? Die Autorin klärt, ob die SchülerInnen im Deutschunterricht der Sekundarstufe zu kompetenten LeserInnen literarischer Werke ausgebildet worden sind, und zieht Konsequenzen für die Lernsituation, die Textauswahl, die Aufgabenstellung und den Erwartungshorizont.
Neural Circuitry of Behavioral Flexibility: Dopamine and Related Systems
Decades of research have identified a role for dopamine neurotransmission in prefrontal cortical function and flexible cognition. Abnormal dopamine neurotransmission underlies many cases of cognitive dysfunction. New techniques using optogenetics have allowed for ever more precise functional segregation of areas within the prefrontal cortex, which underlie separate cognitive functions. Learning theory predictions have provided a very useful framework for interpreting the neural activity of dopamine neurons, yet even dopamine neurons present a range of responses, from salience to prediction error signaling. The functions of areas like the Lateral Habenula have been recently described, and its...
