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Sel merupakan unit (satuan, zarah) terkecil dari makhluk hidup yang dapat melaksanakan kehidupan. Sel disebut sebagai unit terkecil karena sudah tidak dapat dibagi-bagi lagi menjadi bagian yang lebih kecil yang dapat berdiri sendiri. Sel dapat melakukan proses kehidupan, seperti melakukan respirasi, perombakan, penyusunan, reproduksi melalui pembelahan sel dan peka terhadap rangsangan. Secara struktural, tubuh makhluk hidup tersusun dari sel-sel sehingga sel disebut satuan struktural makhluk hidup. Secara fungsional, tubuh makhluk hidup dapat menyelenggarakan kehidupan jika sel-sel penyusunnya berfungsi. Jadi, kegiatan tiap-tiap sel itulah yang membetuk organisme. Oleh karna itu, sel disebut juga sebagai satuan fungsional makhluk hidup. Semua sel makhluk hidup mampu berkembang biak untuk memperbanyak diri. Perkembangbiakan itu dilakukan melalui pembelahan sel. Pembelahan sel dilakukan baik oleh organisme bersel satu maupun oleh sel-sel organisme bersel banyak.
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In the 1970's and 80's, major research and development programs were launched to explore the possibility of using marine biomass as a source of energy. This volume, the first publication of its kind to appear on seaweed cultivation, not only reviews the accomplishments of the aforementioned programs, but also describes how this research relates to seaweed cultivation for other products, such as food, feed, and high value chemicals. Topics covered include the features of marine biomass production, biotechnological manipulations of marine algae, and marine biomass conversion to energy, as well as economics. The chapters, written by many of the major participants in the marine biomass program, synthesize a large number of technical reports, journal articles, symposia and conference proceedings and technology transfer meetings. The book will be of interest to mariculturists, marine engineers, chemists, biotechnologists, bioconversion scientists/engineers and companies dealing with industrial polysaccharides or other algal products.
The rapid development of oil palm cultivation feeds many social issues such as biodiversity, deforestation, food habits or ethical investments. How can this palm be viewed as a miracle plant by both the agro-food industry in the North and farmers in the tropical zone, but a serious ecological threat by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) campaigning for the environment or rights of local indigenous peoples? In the present book the authors – a biologist and an agricultural economist- describe a global and complex tropical sector, for which the interests of the many different stakeholders are often antagonistic. Oil palm has become emblematic of recent changes in North-South relationsh...
Psychologists, economists, historians, computer scientists, sociologists, philosophers, and legal scholars explore the conscious choice not to seek information. The history of intellectual thought abounds with claims that knowledge is valued and sought, yet individuals and groups often choose not to know. We call the conscious choice not to seek or use knowledge (or information) deliberate ignorance. When is this a virtue, when is it a vice, and what can be learned from formally modeling the underlying motives? On which normative grounds can it be judged? Which institutional interventions can promote or prevent it? In this book, psychologists, economists, historians, computer scientists, sociologists, philosophers, and legal scholars explore the scope of deliberate ignorance.
The book provides a broad synthesis of the major supply and demand drivers of the dramatic expansion of oil crops in the tropics; its economic, social, and environmental impacts; and the future outlook to 2050. It is a comprehensive review of the oil crop sector with a major focus on oil palm and soybeans, the two most dynamic crops in world agriculture in recent decades.
The oil palm industry has transformed rural livelihoods and landscapes across wide swathes of Indonesia and Malaysia, generating wealth along with economic, social, and environmental controversy. Who benefits and who loses from oil palm development? Can oil palm development provide a basis for inclusive and sustainable rural development? Based on detailed studies of specific communities and plantations and an analysis of the regional political economy of oil palm, this book unpicks the dominant policy narratives, business strategies, models of land acquisition, and labour-processes. It presents the oil palm industry in Malaysia and Indonesia as a complex system in which land, labour and capital are closely interconnected. Understanding this complex is a prerequisite to developing better strategies to harness the oil palm boom for a more equitable and sustainable pattern of rural development.
Oil palm basics. Oil palm and palm oil. Historical summary. Palm oil biology, products and productivity. Oil palm cultivation. Yield and its improvement. Palm oil production and global trends. Palm oil production. Biofuel development, demand and expansion. Palm oil prices. The boom continues. A driver of deforestation?. Greenhouse gas emissions.
In the constant deluge of media coverage on Islam, Muslims are often portrayed as terrorists, refugees, radicals, or victims, depictions that erode human responses of concern, connection, or even a willingness to learn about Muslims. On Islam helps break this cycle with information and strategies to understand and report the modern Muslim experience. Journalists, activists, bloggers, and scholars offer insights into how Muslims are represented in the media today and offer tips for those covering Islam in the future. Interviews provide personal and often moving firsthand accounts of people confronting the challenges of modern life while maintaining their Muslim faith, and brief overviews provide a crash course on Muslim beliefs and practices. A concise and frank discussion of the Muslim experience, On Islam provides facts and perspective at a time when truth in journalism is more vital than ever.