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Why sex matters Among human and nonhuman animals, the prevalence and intensity of infection typically is higher in males than females and may reflect differences in exposure as well as susceptibility to pathogens. Elevated immunity among females is a double-edged sword in which it is beneficial against infectious diseases but is detrimental in terms of increased development of autoimmune diseases. The present book critically reviews the evolutionary origin and the functional mechanisms responsible for sexual dimorphism in response to infection. It emphasizes the value of examining responses in both males and females to improve our understanding about host-pathogen interactions in both sexes. The contributors are experts in their specific disciplines which range from microbiology and immunology to genetics, pathology, and evolutionary biology. The book aims at bringing insight to the treatment and management of infectious diseases; it delineates areas where knowledge is lacking and highlights future avenues of research.
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Long-lasting T cell immunity is delivered by an array of individual T lymphocytes expressing clonally distributed and highly specific antigen receptors recognizing an almost infinite number of antigens that might enter in contact with the host. Following antigen-specific priming in lymphnodes, naïve CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes proliferate generating clones of effector cells that migrate to peripheral tissues and deliver unique antigen-specific effector functions. Moreover, a proportion of these effector lymphocytes survive as memory T cells that can be rapidly mobilized upon new exposure to the same antigen, even years after their primary induction. Innate immune cells play crucial roles in t...
This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.
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James Fales married Anne Brock in 1655. They had eight children. He died 10 July 1708 in Dedham, Massachusetts. Descendants and relatives lived mainly in Massachusetts and New York.
“This book busts all the myths about the brain and replaces them with solid science, great humor, and a completely accessible writing style.” —Christiane Northrup, MD, #1 New York Times-bestselling author The differences between men and women go well beyond the surface, and the brain is no exception to this. Scientists and researchers are continually learning about the phenomenon of women’s brains. Health and science writer Sondra Kornblatt brings to readers the latest scientific studies about how women’s brains and brain memory work. Our brains are affected and shaped by a multitude of things, from our environment to the foods we eat to hormones. Because of this, it is imperative ...
In an impeccably indescribable and inexplicable place called heaven, Lucifer throws the gauntlet before God. He challenges God to pick someone for one temptation-filled test. God needs someone like Job for this test. The world is a mess. God takes a back seat in the lives of many. Violence begets violence. Blood is meeting blood. The yawning gap between the haves and have-nots irks only a few. The concern for the destitute drives a scientist, Dr. Decxtrose Epitoppe, to develop a highly nutritious drink from cellulose-wastes in the middle of this chaos. As a result, socioeconomic and health disparities drop drastically in developing countries. Unfortunately, Decxtroses euphoria also plummets ...