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Military and defense-related procurement has been an important source of technology development across a broad spectrum of industries that account for an important share of United States industrial production. In this book, the author focuses on six general-purpose technologies: interchangeable parts and mass production; military and commercial aircraft; nuclear energy and electric power; computers and semiconductors; the INTERNET; and the space industries. In each of these industries, technology development would have occurred more slowly, and in some case much more slowly or not at all, in the absence of military and defense-related procurement. The book addresses three questions that have...
This collection of essays by Ruttan and Hayami spans their long career in the economics of technical and institutional change. At both a theoretical and empirical level, their analysis of induced innovation provides a solid foundation for understanding how and why technologies and institutions evolve in response to factors that constrain them. Can Economic Growth Be Sustained? provides a sweeping explanation of this process. As scholars, Ruttan and Hayami's abilities and experiences complemented each other. Together, they had great success in working across contexts to integrate Western models of technological change and more holistic Asian perspectives on multi-factorial interaction. Their perspectives are wide ranging, covering large geographical areas and thoroughly examining the historical development of agriculture in the United States, Japan, and many other countries. This volume collects their most influential papers, from which much can be learned.
Technology, Growth, and Development uniquely presents the complexities of technical and institutional change on the foundation of modern growth theory. The author shows how the rates and directions of technical change are induced by changes in competitive funding and institutional innovations in the modern research university and industrial laboratory. In turn, technical change itself becomes a powerful source of institutional change. Organized by the author in four parts, the first-Productivity and Economic Growth-gives specific reasons for the slowing of productivity growth in the United States and other leading industrial countries during the last quarter of the twentieth century. In Part...
Introduction; Problems and theory; Agriculture in economic development theories; Theories of agricultural development; Toward a theory of technical and institutional change; International comparisons; International comparisons of agricultural productivity; Sources of agricultural productivity differences among countries; Agricultural growth in the United States and Japan; Resource constraints and technical change; Science and progress in agriculture; Can growth be trasferred?; International transfer of agricultural technology; Technology transfer and land infrastructure; Retrospect and prospect; Growth and equity in agricultural development; Disequilibrium in world agriculture; Agricultural transformation and economic growth; Appendixes.
Induced technical change and development; The theory of induced technical change; Some cases and tests; Induced institutional change.; Induced innovation and the Green Revolution.
In Why Food Aid? Ruttan brings together important essays and commentary on food aid policy--focusing on the need, the problems, the options, and the future. Beginning with the now-classic debate between Willard W. Cochrane and Nobel laureate Theodore W. Schultz, the book includes work by such figures as ethicist Peter Singer, political commentator Emma Rothschild, and scholar Hans W. Singer. Also included is the congressional testimony of Raymond Hopkins on reforming food aid in the 1990's.
"The central premise of this book is that the demand for social science knowledge is derived from the demand for institutional change." --pref.
Economic theory, agricultural development, role of technological change - economic model, comparison of agricultural production in developed countries and developing countries, role of science and agricultural technology in Japan and the USA, technology transfer, implications for agricultural policy. Graphs, references, statistical tables.
Economists examine the genesis of technological change and the ways we commercialize and diffuse it. The economics of property rights and patents, in addition to industry applications, are also surveyed through literature reviews and predictions about fruitful research directions. Two volumes, available as a set or sold separately - Expert articles consider the best ways to establish optimal incentives in technological progress - Science and innovation, both their theories and applications, are examined at the intersections of the marketplace, policy, and social welfare - Economists are only part of an audience that includes attorneys, educators, and anyone involved in new technologies