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Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience and the most frequent causes for patients to seek medical care. Persistent chronic pain affects millions of people worldwide, causing low quality of health and emotional status, as well as posing a significant social and economic burden. Chronic pain is the long-standing pain that are classified as different types, including chronic primary pain and secondary pain types caused by various diseases. The complexity of cause and symptom in chronic pain is associated with changes in different levels of nervous system, from molecular interaction, synaptic connection, cellular response, and neural circuits. The development of new treatments to manage chronic pain shall base on the better standing of the neuropathological mechanism underlying the symptom, the exploration on the methods of a better diagnosis, and the communication of clinical application standards and results.
An accident had changed the lives of Wu Xu and Gu Xiaohui, as well as their lives...
In today's rapidly evolving business landscape, small businesses face numerous challenges in staying competitive and sustainable. Limited resources, intense competition, and changing consumer demands create a complex environment where innovation and adaptability are paramount. Many small business owners need help to leverage technology effectively, hindering their ability to streamline operations, reach new markets, and achieve long-term growth. Additionally, businesses need to adopt sustainable practices, both for ethical reasons and to meet the increasing demands of environmentally-conscious consumers. Technopreneurship in Small Businesses for Sustainability offers a comprehensive solution to these challenges by focusing on the intersection of technology, entrepreneurship, and sustainability. This book provides practical insights, strategies, and frameworks that small business owners and managers can use to thrive in today's dynamic environment. It explores how technology can be leveraged to improve business performance, enhance customer engagement, and drive innovation, ultimately leading to greater sustainability and competitiveness.
Abstract: As part of the recent health reform effort, the government of Georgia launched a Medical Assistance Program in June 2006 to provide health insurance to its poor population. So far the program covers slightly over 50 percent of the poor and provides benefit coverage for outpatient and inpatient care. This paper estimates initial impact of the Medical Assistance Program and assesses whether the benefits have reached the poorest among those eligible, using utilization data from June 2006 to December 2006. Based on the analysis using a regression discontinuity design and a three-part model, the paper presents two main findings. First, the Medical Assistance Program has significantly in...
Nutrition investments affect human capital formation, which in turn affects economic growth. Malnutrition is intrinsically connected to human capital—undernutrition contributes to nearly half of child mortality, and stunting reduces productivity and earnings in adulthood. Improving nutrition requires a multisectoral effort, but it is difficult to identify and quantify the basic financing parameters as used in traditional sectors. What is being spent and by whom and on what? To address these questions, nutrition public expenditure reviews (NPERs) determine the level of a country’s overall nutrition public spending and assess whether its expenditure profile will enable the country to reali...
Worldwide experience highlights public finance policies that promote economic growth while meeting the need for fundamental public goods. Macroeconomic stability is essential, as large budget deficits retard growth, followed by moderate levels of public spending - around one-third of GDP or less - especially when governance and public administration are weak; that in turn requires efficiency, particularly in areas such as infrastructure, health, education, and social protection; finally, lower income and payroll tax rates can spur investment and employment. The Eastern European and Central Asia countries pioneered flat income taxes without generally suffering revenue losses as a result, but they have not addressed the problem of high payroll taxes and still face many hurdles in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of public spending and revenue generation.
The Twenty-Four Histories (Chinese: 二十四史) are the Chinese official historical books covering a period from 3000 BC to the Ming dynasty in the 17th century. The Han dynasty official Sima Qian established many of the conventions of the genre. Starting with the Tang dynasty, each dynasty established an official office to write the history of its predecessor using official court records. As fixed and edited in the Qing dynasty, the whole set contains 3213 volumes and about 40 million words. It is considered one of the most important sources on Chinese history and culture. The title "Twenty-Four Histories" dates from 1775 which was the 40th year in the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. This ...
Information and communication technology has helped to provide a more effective network infrastructure and development platform for logistics and service operations. In order to meet the needs of consumers and particularly to promote low-carbon development processes, new types of services will also emerge. LISS 2013 is a prime international forum for both researchers and industry practitioners to exchange the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of logistics, informatics, service operations and service science. Experts and researchers from related fields will discuss current issues and future development opportunities discuss and analyze developing trends and exchange the latest research and academic thought. The theme of the conference is Logistics and Service Science based on the Internet of Things.