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Human retroviruses, HIV and HTLV have been recognized as important pathogens because of their association with lethal diseases such as AIDS and ATL. Considerable resources and efforts have been directed at understanding the interaction between these retroviruses and their host which may provide clues as to how the infection can be controlled or prevented. Among the key scientific successes is the identification of intracellular “restriction factors” that have evolved as obstacles to the replication of pathogens including infectious retroviruses. The discovery of APOBEC, which are strong mutagens of retroviral genomes and intracellular retroelements, began a new era of intense research ac...
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In this eBook, original and review papers on various aspects of endogenous viral elements (EVEs) are included. EVEs are integral parts of the genomes of eukaryotic organisms and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. The focus of this eBook is on the involvement of EVEs in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Frontiers in Microbiology 3 February 2019 | EVEs, Autoimmunity and Cancer In particular, research on endogenous retroviruses and endogenous bornaviruses is included. The presented data demonstrate that EVEs are fascinating objects that are still worth exploring.
A new paradigmatic understanding of evolution, genetic novelty, code-generating, genome-formatting factors, infectious RNA Networks, viruses and other natural genetic content operators.
Genomic instability is a major threat to living organisms. To counteract the damaging effects posed by endogenous and environmental agents, such as chemicals or radiation, micro-organisms devote several percent of their genome to encode proteins that function in the repair and recombination of DNA. For many years, a relatively small group of scientists have carefully delineated the molecular mechanisms of these repair processes, using the simplest model systems available, namely Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These studies, which until recently had only moderate impact outside of the field, now provide the cornerstone for exciting new research into analogous processes in human cells. The reason for this is the revelation that the biochemical pathways for the accurate replication, repair and recombination of DNA have been conserved through evolution.