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Pakistan was born as the creation of elite Urdu-speaking Muslims who sought to govern a state that would maintain their dominance. After rallying non-Urdu speaking leaders around him, Jinnah imposed a unitary definition of the new nation state that obliterated linguistic diversity. This centralisation - 'justified' by the Indian threat - fostered centrifugal forces that resulted in Bengali secessionism in 1971 and Baloch, as well as Mohajir, separatisms today. Concentration of power in the hands of the establishment remained the norm, and while authoritarianism peaked under military rule, democracy failed to usher in reform, and the rule of law remained fragile at best under Zulfikar Bhutto ...
Providing the most comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of this exciting biomedical field, Handbook of Photomedicine gathers together a large team of international experts to give you a complete account of the application of light in healthcare and medical science. The book progresses logically from the history and fundamentals of photomedicine to diverse therapeutic applications of light, known collectively as phototherapies. It facilitates your understanding of human diseases caused by light, the rationale for photoprotection, and major applications of phototherapy in clinical practice. The handbook begins with a series of historical vignettes of pioneers from the last two centuries. It also...
Presenting the latest findings in the field of numerical analysis and optimization, this volume balances pure research with practical applications of the subject. Accompanied by detailed tables, figures, and examinations of useful software tools, this volume will equip the reader to perform detailed and layered analysis of complex datasets. Many real-world complex problems can be formulated as optimization tasks. Such problems can be characterized as large scale, unconstrained, constrained, non-convex, non-differentiable, and discontinuous, and therefore require adequate computational methods, algorithms, and software tools. These same tools are often employed by researchers working in curre...
Being part of a violent community in revolt can be addictive--it can be fun. This book offers a fascinating inside look at present-day political violence in Pakistan through a historical ethnography of the Muhajir Qaumi Movement (MQM), one of the most remarkable and successful religious nationalist movements in postcolonial South Asia. The MQM has mobilized much of the "migrant" (Muhajir) population in Karachi and other urban centers in southern Pakistan and has fomented large-scale ethnic-religious violence. Oskar Verkaaik argues that urban youth see it as an irresistible opportunity for "fun." Drawing on both anthropological fieldwork, including participatory observation among political mi...
This book addresses the everyday causes and appeal of longterm involvement in extreme political violence in the urban Pakistan. It injects a more critical and innovative voice into the ongoing debates about the nature and meaning of radicalisation and violence and the specific implications it has for similar conflicts in Pakistan and the developing world.
The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education is a comprehensive guide to the transformative potential of AI in the higher education landscape, focused on the need to nurture technology literacy among educators and learners.
The Global Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications (GCAIA 2021) provides a prominent venue for researchers, engineers, entrepreneurs, and scholar students to share their research ideas in the area of AI. Academic researchers would reveal the results and conclusions of laboratory based investigations via the GCAIA 21 platform, which bridges the gap between academia, industry, and government ethics. The GCAIA 21 platform will also bring together regional and worldwide issues to explore current advancements in contemporary Computation Intelligence. This Conference Proceedings volume contains the written versions of most of the contributions presented during the conference of GCAIA 2021. The conference has provided an excellent chance for researchers from diverse locations to present and debate their work in the field of artificial intelligence and its applications. It includes a selection of 62 papers. All accepted papers were subjected to strict peer-review by 2–4 expert referees. The papers have been selected for this volume because of their quality and their relevance to the theme of the conference.
Papers presented at the International Workshop on International Terrorism in Southeast Asia and its Likely Implications for South Asia, held at New Delhi, 28-29 April 2004.
An authoritative, fresh, and vividly written account of the Kashmir conflict--from 1947 to the present The India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir is one of the world's incendiary conflicts. Since 1990, at least 60,000 people have been killed--insurgents, civilians, and military and police personnel. In 2019, the conflict entered a dangerous new phase. India's Hindu nationalist government, under Narendra Modi, repealed Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir's autonomous status and divided it into two territories subject to New Delhi's direct rule. The drastic move was accompanied by mass arrests and lengthy suspension of mobile and internet services. In this definitive account, Sumantra Bose examines the conflict in Kashmir from its origins to the present volatile juncture. He explores the global context of the current situation, including China's growing role, as well as the human tragedy of the people caught in the bitter dispute. Drawing on three decades of field experience in Kashmir, Bose asks whether a compromise settlement is still possible given the ascendancy of Hindu nationalism in India and the complex geopolitical context.
Argues that within the seemingly chaotic malaise of Karachi's politics, a form of "manageable violence" exists, on which the functioning of the city is based.