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Pharmaceuticals in the European Union
This book offers the first complete and up-to-date analysis of the European Union’s regulation of medicines. Through a reasoned description ranging from regulatory developments to the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union, it delineates the current European pharmaceutical regulation system. Moreover, the economic and social implications caused by the market fragmentation linked to disparities in national pricing and reimbursement schemes of pharmaceuticals are also explored here. In what was theorized to be a patchwork of rules and roles, the potential growth of the pharmaceutical industry is hampered and important inequalities in patient access are growing. What will be the next moves of European Union legislation to address the aging of the population, the higher incidence of some diseases and the growing costs of innovative medicines? Answers to such questions are offered in this book.
Rationalizing Pharmaceutical Spending
Pharmaceutical spending accounts for a large share of health spending worldwide. While pharmaceuticals are an indispensable component of effective modern health systems, and their benefits in terms of increasing life expectancy and improving quality of life are unquestionable, the large variation in pharmaceutical spending across countries suggests that there may be large efficiency gains to be realized. This paper reviews the existing literature and databases on the level and composition of pharmaceutical spending and estimates potential efficiency gains from increased use of generics. It also reviews how countries organize the procurement and tendering of pharmaceuticals and the implications for spending. Finally, the paper identifies the various channels through which spending inefficiencies can arise and identifies reform options for reducing pharmaceutical spending while ensuring quality health outcomes.
ANNO 2023 IL TERRITORIO SECONDA PARTE
Antonio Giangrande, orgoglioso di essere diverso. ODIO OSTENTAZIONE, IMPOSIZIONE E MENZOGNA. Si nasce senza volerlo. Si muore senza volerlo. Si vive una vita di prese per il culo. Tu esisti se la tv ti considera. La Tv esiste se tu la guardi. I Fatti son fatti oggettivi naturali e rimangono tali. Le Opinioni sono atti soggettivi cangianti. Le opinioni se sono oggetto di discussione ed approfondimento, diventano testimonianze. Ergo: Fatti. Con me le Opinioni cangianti e contrapposte diventano fatti. Con me la Cronaca diventa Storia. Noi siamo quello che altri hanno voluto che diventassimo. Facciamo in modo che diventiamo quello che noi avremmo (rafforzativo di saremmo) voluto diventare. Rappresentare con verità storica, anche scomoda ai potenti di turno, la realtà contemporanea, rapportandola al passato e proiettandola al futuro. Per non reiterare vecchi errori. Perché la massa dimentica o non conosce. Denuncio i difetti e caldeggio i pregi italici. Perché non abbiamo orgoglio e dignità per migliorarci e perché non sappiamo apprezzare, tutelare e promuovere quello che abbiamo ereditato dai nostri avi. Insomma, siamo bravi a farci del male e qualcuno deve pur essere diverso!
Italians to America: Passengers arriving at New York, April 1901-September 1901
Italians to America is the first indexed reference work devoted to Italian immigrants to the United States. This series contains passenger list information in chronological order on the first major wave of Italian migration during the last two decades of the 19th century, as well as the beginning of the 20th century. Each volume also contains an introduction on the history of Italian migration to the U.S. and a full name index, greatly simplifying the researcher's job.
