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Viral infections in animals occasionally develop potentially fatal diseases that affect almost all organs. Especially in zoonotic diseases, the causative agents that usually exist in animals can be transmitted between animal species to humans directly or via a vector. Throughout recent history, disease outbreaks and pandemics including SARS, H7N9, Ebola, and COVID-19, have led to a dramatic loss of human life worldwide and harmed economic growth. The most effective strategies for the control of disease are vaccination and early diagnosis. Vaccines directed against viral and bacterial pathogens prevent catastrophic losses of life in humans, other animals, and plants, and are considered among ...
There is a long-standing evolutionary battle between viruses and their hosts that continues to be waged. The evidence of this conflict can be found on both sides, with the human immune system being responsive to new viral challenges and viruses having developed often sophisticated countermeasures. The “arms race” between viruses and hosts can be thought as an example of the “Red Queen” race, an evolutionary hypothesis inspired from the dialogue of Alice with the Red Queen in Lewis Carroll’s “Through the Looking-Glass”. At the same time, viruses have a minimal genomic content as they have evolved to hitchhike biological machinery of their hosts (or other co-infecting viruses). T...
An interdisciplinary bioinformatics science aims to develop methodology and analysis tools to explore large-volume of biological data using conventional and modern computer science, statistics, and mathematics, as well as pattern recognition, reconstruction, machine learning, simulation and iterative approaches, molecular modeling, folding, networking, and artificial intelligence. Written by international team of life scientists, this Bioinformatics book provides some updates on bioinformatics methods, resources, approaches, and genome analysis tools useful for molecular sciences, medicine and drug designs, as well as plant sciences and agriculture. I trust chapters of this book should provide advanced knowledge for university students, life science researchers, and interested readers on some latest developments in the bioinformatics field.
Volume I.B An outbreak of a respiratory disease first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and the causative agent was discovered in January 2020 to be a novel betacoronovirus of the same subgenus as SARS-CoV and named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly disseminated worldwide, with clinical manifestations ranging from mild respiratory symptoms to severe pneumonia and a fatality rate estimated around 2%. Person to person transmission is occurring both in the community and healthcare settings. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently declared the COVID-19 epidemic a public health emergency of international ...