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This book goes beyond the truism that 'correlation does not imply causation' and explores the logical and methodological relationships between correlation and causation. It presents a series of statistical methods that can test, and potentially discover, cause-effect relationships between variables in situations in which it is not possible to conduct randomised or experimentally controlled experiments. Many of these methods are quite new and most are generally unknown to biologists. In addition to describing how to conduct these statistical tests, the book also puts the methods into historical context and explains when they can and cannot justifiably be used to test or discover causal claims. Written in a conversational style that minimises technical jargon, the book is aimed at practising biologists and advanced students, and assumes only a very basic knowledge of introductory statistics.
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- Introduction -- Part One. Community Renewal -- 1. This Is Where We Belong: Maidu Histories on a Shared California Landscape -- 2. Placing Communities, Languages, and Stories on the Contemporary Landscape -- 3. Wéjenim Bíspadà: A Brief History of Maidu Language Keepers and Other Thoughts on Language Revitalization -- Part Two. Creation Narratives of Hánc'ibyjim / Tom Young -- 4. Púktim / Creation -- 5. Hompajtotokymc'om / The Adversaries -- 6. Hybýkʼym Masý Wónom / Love and Death -- 7. K'ódojapem Bom / Worldmaker's Trail -- Part Three. Pronunciation and Lessons -- 8. How to Pronounce Maidu -- 9. Reading the Maidu Language: Nine Beginning Lessons -- Appendix: Place Names and Character Names in the Stories -- Bibliography -- Index
A friend of ours managed a student program at the University of Central Florida where students, both undergrad and post-grad got counseling on their start-up ideas. We were asked to speak to the group about “Serial Entrepreneurship”. She told us after the speech and Q&A “all they really wanted to know was how have you done it for so long?” This generation seems to shy away from long term commitments in life and in business. This was the basis for our book: “Fundamentals: A Conversation about a Sixty Year Partnership”
The incumbent looking to return to his elected offi ce is often considered the favorite, but President Jerald Mortensen seeking a second term appears to be losing ground to a political newcomer. Across the United States events occur showing the nation that President Mortensens programs are failing. Not involved in the political scene the Broken Dreams Detective Agency becomes drawn in as it seems that a secretive organization called The Ten desires to force term limits on them also. Permanently! President and private citizens soon become allies in the fi ght to end the possible destruction of the countrys political system.
Competition is one of the most important factors controlling the distribution and abundance of living creatures. Sperm cells racing up reproductive tracts, beetle larvae battling inside single seeds, birds defending territories, and trees interfering with the light available to neighbours, are all engaged in competition for limited resources. Along with predation and mutualism, competition is one of the three major biological forces that assemble living communities. Recent experimental work, much of it only from the last few decades, has enhanced human knowledge of the prevalence of competition in nature. There are acacia trees that use ants to damage vines, beetles that compete in arenas fo...
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Muhammad's Revenge is a collection of short stories that literally forces the reader to bring the realities of life on this earth, along with such terrible things as war, into sharp focus and to concentrate on why things happen as they do-when they do-and what happens to the soul when this life on earth is over. In the title story, "Muhammad's Revenge," we see how the war experiences of a single human being can bring an apocalypse to the entire world. In "Peace on Earth" the realities of the horrors of World War I become starkly vivid and real but so does the humanity of mankind when the Germans and the English armies call a one-day truce, a historic event, that actually did happen. In "Big Sugar," as in all these stories, we see the personal as well as private lives of many of the characters, in their darkest moments and how one life's circumstances which end in a tragic death can alter history for all the others involved for the better.
• 66 hikes through the most beautiful areas of natural Maryland • Detailed maps and directions, with GPS coordinates • Information on difficulty, distance, and duration for each hike • Beautiful color photographs of vistas, waterfalls, forests, cliffs, and other naturals features, with tips for photographers on best lenses, proper time of day, and shooting locations to get the perfect shot
Trait-based ecology is rapidly expanding. This comprehensive and accessible guide covers the main concepts and tools in functional ecology.