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This paper highlights how changes in the composition of demand affect income dispersion in the short run. We first document how the share of aggregate spending dedicated to labour-intensive goods and services shrinks (expands) during downturns (booms), and argue that this contributes to the observed pro-cyclicality of employment and output in labour-intensive industries. Using a two-sector general equilibrium model, we then assess how this demand composition channel influences the cyclical properties of the income distribution. Consistent with empirical evidence, we find income inequality to be countercyclical due to changes in the level of employment and (to a lesser extent) relative factor prices. The model also shows that wealth redistribution policies can potentially involve a trade-off between equality and output, depending on how they affect the composition of aggregate demand.
The unique and award-winning Unofficial Guides series is a collaboration between senior students, junior doctors and specialty experts. This combination of contributors understands what is essential to excel on your course, in exams and in practice – as well as the importance of presenting information in a clear, fun and engaging way. Packed with hints and tips from those in the know, when you are in a hurry and need a study companion you can trust, reach for an Unofficial Guide. Designed for medical students, nurses, junior doctors and other healthcare professionals, The Unofficial Guide to Practical Skills contains step-by-step guidance to over 50 core practical procedures. Information i...
Information on office-based procedures in laryngology provides Otolaryngologists and other surgeons information on Patient selection, Topicals and anesthesia, Surgical approaches and techniques, and Risks and complications. Each procedure discussed provides key points and technique summaries. Topics include: Anesthesia for office procedures including the role of monitoring, Stroboscopy and other diagnostic tools including high speed larygoscopy, Transnasal esophagoscopy including biopsy, dilation, Bravo, TEP, etc, FEES and FEESST, Office-based laryngeal injections, and Office based procedures that includes biopsy and laser therapy.
This topical and important book identifies the short to medium-term economic, financial and social consequences of Brexit. Containing perspectives from leading thinkers across legal, economic and financial fields, it considers both the general effect of UK withdrawal on the European integration process, and the specific impact on the free movement of capital, goods and people. Addressing the main areas within both the UK and the EU that can and will be affected by Brexit, including the financial sector, immigration, social rights and social security, After Brexit: Consequences for the European Union will make fascinating reading for all those currently engaged in the study and practice of Law, Economics, Finance, Political Science, Philosophy, History and International Affairs.
Articles in the March 2015 Research Bulletin focus on the oil market, energy subsidies, and output. The Research Summary on "An Exploration in Deep Corners of the Oil Market," authored by Rabah Arezki, Douglas Laxton, Armen Nurekyan, and Hou Wang, examines fluctuations in oil prices. "The State Budget May Afford It All," by Christian Ebeke and Constant Lonkeng Ngbouana, reviews energy subsidies and their fiscal, distributional, and environmental costs. In the “Q&A” column Pau Rabanal takes a look at “Seven Questions on Potential Output.” The Bulletin includes a listing of recent IMF Working Papers, Staff Discussion Notes, recommended readings from IMF Publications, and a call for papers for the next Annual Research Conference. A link with information and free access to IMF Economic Review is also included.
Hardwood-dominated temperate forests (mostly in Eastern North America, Europe, North East Asia) provide valuable renewable timber and numerous ecosystem services. Many of these forests have been subjected to harvesting or conversion to agriculture, sometimes over centuries, that have greatly reduced their former extent and diversity. Natural regeneration following harvesting or during post-agricultural succession has often failed to restore these forests adequately. Past harvesting practices and the valuable timber of some species have led to a reduction in their abundance. The loss of apex predators has caused herbivore populations to increase and exert intense browsing pressure on hardwood...
For Otolaryngologists-Head and Neck Surgeons, the spaces in the neck are the sites of pathologies, from laryngeal cancers to skull base tumors and parotid cysts. This issue takes an in-depth look at these neck spaces through CT and MRI images, looking at normal anatomy and at disease. Beginning with complete anatomical description of the neck spaces, then working through the entire head and neck region with coverage of pharyngeal, masticator, carotid, parotid spaces, retropharyngeal and prevertebral space, larynx, nasopharynx and hypopharynx, base of skull, lymph node evaluation, all emphasizing diagnosis of diseases in these areas, and discussion of imaging in terms of interventional neuroradiology, along with changes in the head and neck post radiation treatment. Guest Editors Sangam Kanekar and Kyle Mannion create a focused presentation for daily clinical use for otolaryngologists and for residents.