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The number of international tax disputes is constantly increasing. This is a logical consequence of the pressure that is exerted on the global tax system by a rise in the number of internationally active and mobile taxpayers and tax competition between states on the one hand. On the other hand, the implementation of measures to tackle base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) by multinational enterprises already gives rise to further disputes and another increase of disputes might arise from the latest reforms of the international tax system, namely the Two-Pillar-Solution to address the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy. Against this background, the time is right f...
An in-depth analysis of various aspects of multilateral cooperation in tax law Tax evasion and aggressive tax planning causing base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) has been a widely discussed topic among academics and tax policy makers over the past decades. Increasing globalization and digitalization have contributed to the intensification of this issue in recent years. At the same time, states continue to largely insist on their sovereignty in the area of tax law. However, due to their cross-border nature, issues related to BEPS are shared problems among the states and can typically not be solved by a single nation. Therefore, multilateral cooperation represents an option to build a bri...
This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the rules governing the taxation of permanent establishments as implemented in the OECD Model Tax Convention and German national tax law. Deviations between the OECD approach and the German approach are identified and modifications to the rules as a result of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project are examined. Moreover, challenges imposed to the PE concept as a result of the digitalisation of the economy are identified and discussed. Against this background, the Pillar One Blueprint proposing a long-term solution to overcome the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy is presented and assessed against widely accepted overarching principles of tax policy.
Although rules on the allocation of taxing rights for fees for technical services have been provided for in bilateral tax treaties by African, Asian, and South American countries for decades, it was only in the 2017 update that the UN Model Tax Treaty included Article 12A on the matter, thus suggesting its inclusion in the tax treaty network of its Member States. Consequently, from a cross-border perspective, the interpretation of Article 12A is of great importance for both taxpayers and tax authorities. This book presents the first comprehensive analysis of the scope of technical services in comparison to ordinary (non-technical) services and the differentiation between Article 12A and othe...
Detailed research on the UN Model Convention’s unique features The UN Model Convention has a significant influence on international tax treaty practice and is especially used by emerging and developing countries as a starting point for treaty negotiations. Driven by the aim to achieve consistency in the international tax treaty practice, the structure and content is, to a large extent, similar in the UN Model and the OECD Model. However, whereas the OECD has historically focused its efforts on issues mainly relevant for developed countries, the UN Tax Committee has continuously attempted to specifically take into account tax treaty policies for developing countries when drafting and amendi...
The special tax rules for performing artistes lead to obstacles. This book considers the problems regarding, for example, the determination of taxable income and the non-deductibility of expenses and tax credits in the country of residence, and gives clear examples of excessive taxation.
This book examines the authority to restructure and to disregard controlled transactions based on the arm's length principle. The book, thus, examines the outer limits of the adjustment authority granted by the arm's length principle as opposed to its core area of application (price adjustments).
The globalization of economic and multinational business structures has exacerbated the problem of substantive overlapping national tax laws in recent decades. Double taxation has a negative impact on international economic transactions because it leads to the suboptimal allocation of capital and affects the cross-border exchange of goods. Therefore, measures are needed to avoid international double taxation. The number of international Mutual Agreement Procedures is rising accordingly. However, the Mutual Agreement Procedure is not always effective and is often evaded by developing countries in particular. According to the author, the deficits of the Mutual Agreement Procedure should be mitigated by procedural and administrative rules. These can be based on experiences gained from other areas of law with cross-border economic activities. Moreover, the use of modern technologies or non-binding dispute resolution mechanisms can enhance the efficiency of the Mutual Agreement Procedure. The procedural and administrative rules should not only make the procedure more attractive for states and especially developing countries but also improve the position of the taxpayer.
To some extent, because of his overlapping careers in academia and politics, the renowned tax scholar Peter Essers is known for his influential insight that ‘the effects of taxation on the political balance of power, and vice versa, are always interlinked with other phenomena, such as wars, crises, religious developments and inequalities in society’. In this widely ranging festschrift, thirty-six prominent tax scholars from all across Europe examine the legacy of Peter Essers’ research interests, from the larger philosophical, political, and social factors driving tax history to the reality of the taxing State as experienced by taxpayers and tax officials. The book’s outstanding over...
The principle of territoriality and the fundamental freedoms The tension between the fundamental freedoms and the sovereignty of the Member States is omnipresent in the CJEU ́s case law on direct taxation. A significant number of cases concerned one of the core principles in national tax laws: the principle of territoriality. Although this principle is continuously mentioned in cases concerning the compatibility of direct tax measures with the fundamental freedoms, the case law seems to provoke more questions than answers. This book provides guidance on the meaning of territoriality in the CJEU ́s case law on direct taxation as well as on the role which this principle plays in the compatibility of domestic direct tax measures with the fundamental freedoms. During a critical and dogmatically oriented journey through the CJEU ́s case law, the reader can enjoy a comprehensive analysis, containing references to more than 300 cases. Without a doubt, this timeless reflection of the tension between the principle of territoriality and the fundamental freedoms is not only interesting from a dogmatic perspective, but also from a tax policy one.