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Pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals are the backbone of modern medicinal therapy. Most traditional pharmaceuticals are low molecular mass organic chemicals. Although some were originally isolated from biological sources, most of them are manufactured by direct chemical synthesis. Two types of manufacturing companies, thus comprise the traditional pharmaceutical sector the chemical synthesis plants, which manufacture the raw chemical ingredients in bulk quantities and the finished product pharmaceutical facilities, which purchase the raw bulk ingredients, formulate them into final pharmaceutical products and supply these products to users. Some products are formed by biological materials which are generally categorized as biotechnological products (hormones, blood products, vaccines). Some bio-products are modified by chemical synthesis which are called semi synthetic drugs.
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The unique catalytic properties of enzymes and the numerous techniques for immobilization of enzymes and cells continue to maintain a high degree of practical and scientific interest in this area called Enzyme Engineering. This fourth International Enzyme Engineering Confer ence was the first to be held outside of the United States. Europe was chosen as the site primarily to en able greater participation by investigators from that continent. The Engineering Foundation of New York, which was the principal sponsor of the first three conferences, was most fortunate in having the DECHEMA (Deutsche Gesell schaft fur chemisches Apparatewesen e. V.) of Frankfurt (Main), F. R. Germany as the cospons...
This volume provides up-to-date information on toxic pollutants in the environment and their harmful effects on human health and nature. The book covers many important aspects of environmental toxicology, such as features, characterization, applications, environmental routes for dispersion, nanotoxicity, ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of nanomaterials, with emphasis on radiation toxicology, polar ecotoxicology, plastic toxicology, microbrial toxicology, nanotoxicology and pesticide toxicology. Also discussed is the use of microbes and nanotechnology for medicinal purposes, which has revealed important chemical prototypes in the discovery of new agents, stimulating the use of refined physical techniques and new syntheses of molecules with pharmaceutical applications for human welfare. The chapters also address the fate of nanoparticles in the environment, as well as nanotoxicology mechanisms impacting human health. The book will be of interest to toxicologists, environmental scientists, chemists, and students of microbiology, nanotechnology and pharmacology.
This volume focuses on pharmaceutical biotechnology as a key area of life sciences. The complete range of concepts, processes and technologies of biotechnology is applied in modern industrial pharmaceutical research, development and production. The results of genome sequencing and studies of biological-genetic function are combined with chemical, micro-electronic and microsystem technology to produce medical devices and diagnostic biochips. A multitude of biologically active molecules is expanded by additional novel structures created with newly arranged gene clusters and bio-catalytic chemical processes. New organisational structures in the co-operation of institutes, companies and networks enable faster knowledge and product development and immediate application of the results of research and process development. This book is the ideal source of information for scientists and engineers in research and development, for decision-makers in biotech, pharma and chemical corporations, as well as for research institutes, but also for founders of biotech companies and people working for venture capital corporations.