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This comprehensive Research Handbook sets out a systematic analysis of the Paris Agreement taking into account developments since it entered into force in 2016. It explores the treaty’s capacity, as an instrument of international law, to compel state action to address the universal threat of climate change.
This paper reviews economic developments in St. Lucia during 1990–95. During 1991–92, economic growth slowed to an average of 5 percent (from 9 percent achieved in the late 1980s) as banana production stagnated, and in spite of strong growth of construction and tourism. In 1993–94, real GDP growth fell further to an annual average of 2 percent reflecting a severe drop in banana production associated with the 1993 drought and the 1994 tropical storm. In 1995 and the first part of 1996, growth rebounded to an annual average of about 4 percent.
In spite of the climate finance commitment by the developed countries to mobilise jointly 100 billion USD per year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries from a wide variety of sources, there is no clear agreement on the types of funds that might count as mobilised by developed countries and what private finance flows could be considered as mobilised for climate action in developing countries. This study identifies ten considerations that are key to estimating mobilised private climate finance. An example methodology is proposed for tracking mobilised private investment and the methodology is tested on three Nordic case studies. Through the further refinement of methodologies, it should be possible to develop common systems for M&E of finance enabling a clearer understanding of the finance landscape and the effectiveness of interventions for mobilising private investment.
Living and working on board of cargo ships no longer has anything to do with the romantic notion of seafaring, as still believed by most consumers. Digitalization and globalization of logistics and supply chains have massively changed the maritime working environment. Seafarers currently find themselves in an extreme situation and suffer disproportionately on an increasing basis, from psychological stress - with severe consequences for the individual and also the diverse crew on board. The psychological stresses on board can be a challenge, leading to reduced work performance and, in the worst case, result in fatalities. Thus, mental health is becoming a relevant business factor as well as r...
In 2013, Parties to the UNFCCC were invited to prepare and communicate their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) under a 2015 agreement. Assessment and review of INDCs can help to ensure that these contributions are in line with internationally agreed objectives and principles, help establish and enhance transparency, trust and accountability between Parties, and raise ambition over time. This report analyses the existing review processes both under and outside the UNFCCC. It suggests that some form of ex ante assessment and review process of INDCs could help ensure that they are ambitious and fair. Such process can be complemented by assessments by observer organizations and informal discussions among Parties. In addition, a periodic review of collective ambition is desirable from the perspective of environmental effectiveness, and can build on existing review processes.
Ensure your web APIs are consistent and bug-free by implementing an automated testing process. In Testing Web APIs you will: Design and implement a web API testing strategy Set up a test automation suite Learn contract testing with Pact Facilitate collaborative discussions to test web API designs Perform exploratory tests Experiment safely in a downloadable API sandbox environment Testing Web APIs teaches you to plan and implement the perfect testing strategy for your web APIs. In it, you’ll explore dozens of different testing activities to help you develop a custom testing regime for your projects. This practical book demystifies abstract strategic concepts by applying them to common API ...
The five-volume set LNCS 8004--8008 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCII 2013, held in Las Vegas, NV, USA in July 2013. The total of 1666 papers and 303 posters presented at the HCII 2013 conferences was carefully reviewed and selected from 5210 submissions. These papers address the latest research and development efforts and highlight the human aspects of design and use of computing systems. The papers accepted for presentation thoroughly cover the entire field of human-computer Interaction, addressing major advances in knowledge and effective use of computers in a variety of application areas. This volume contains papers in the thematic area of human-computer interaction, addressing the following major topics: identity, privacy and trust; user studies; interaction for society and community; HCI for business and innovation.
Periodontology is the study of the supporting structures of teeth (gums, bones and cement-like substance that hold the teeth, and the periodontal ligament); and the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions that affect them. This textbook is a complete guide to periodontology for dental students. Divided into twelve sections, the book begins with explanations of normal periodontium, classification and epidemiology, aetiology, and pathology of gingival and periodontal diseases. The following sections cover diagnosis and both surgical and non-surgical treatment methods. A complete chapter is dedicated to implantology and the interdisciplinary link between periodontics and other subspe...
This handbook provides a comprehensive account of how international law is understood and practiced in Europe, which is defined for the purposes of the book as Council of Europe countries, in the past and in the present. It is separated into parts covering Europe's values, intellectual traditions, and institutions, as well as examinations of European countries and regions. A diverse group of leading scholars and practitioners of international law are led by three overarching focus points: the success and failures of the pacifying effect of international law, the diversity of international legal experiences and traditions within Europe, and the impact of European ideas on international law globally. By examining these areas, the book also analyses Europe's changing role in the world, and the impact of global influences on the understanding of international law in European countries. The book is a study of regionalism in international law, but also a study of the impact of a region which, at least historically, has had an overwhelming influence on the development and interpretations of international law.
The insurance industry has found itself at the front line of climate change challenges, providing insurance cover in relation to risks associated with climate change. As risk carriers, insurers pay claims for climate change related losses – such as property damage caused by windstorms, flooding, and wildfires – which have been increasing in frequency and severity. As major institutional investors, insurance companies invest in assets that may be increasingly vulnerable to climate risks. Insurance regulators across the globe have therefore started to require insurance companies to identify, manage, and report on climate change risks that could pose a threat to their financial stability. H...