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Cigarette smoking is estimated to lead to 4.9 million premature deaths per year worldwide. This is predicted to rise to 10 million by 2020. In western countries it kills half of all smokers who fail to stop. The prevailing model for tobacco addiction is that nicotine from cigarettes rewards smoking and punishes abstinence, tapping into a motivational system of operant conditioning that requires no conscious awareness. However, there are also accounts which involve cognitive biases and the effect of nicotine on impulse control. The brain pathways involved have been studied extensively, but the role of different nicotine receptor subtypes and other neurotransmitter systems is still subject to ...
Nicotine is considered to be the main agent in the maintenance of the tobacco smoking habit and is largely responsible for the behavioral and physiological responses to the inhalation of tobacco smoke. This work presents advances made in the elucidation of the action of nicotine in the body--essential information for developing treatments to help people give up smoking. The book reviews the progress made in identifying nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, using the techniques of molecular biology to characterize receptors and investigate the functional differences between receptors composed of different types of subunits. Sex-specific differences in the response to nicotine, the effects of nicotine on locomotor activity, and its still-debated influence on cognitive performance are considered. The book also examines the habit-forming role of nicotine, the development of tolerance to nicotine, and the less clearly understood phenomenon of withdrawal. Also discusses some potential therapeutic strategies.
Does there seem to be a wall between you and your child? Don't try to break it down by force but try to go around it together! The result will be beautiful! The diagnosis of ADHD creates in almost all parents a sense of grief where they do not understand how to establish communication with their child while preventing their outbursts of hyperactivity from resulting in physical harm. It is not easy for them to curb their instincts, and it is even more difficult for parents to be able to keep calm in every situation to give them the proper education they require. You have probably already tried different methods, but maybe, none have had the desired result, and that is why I want to tell you t...
Focusing on new reference sources published since 2008 and reference titles that have retained their relevance, this new edition brings O’Gorman’s complete and authoritative guide to the best reference sources for small and medium-sized academic and public libraries fully up to date. About 40 percent of the content is new to this edition. Containing sources selected and annotated by a team of public and academic librarians, the works included have been chosen for value and expertise in specific subject areas. Equally useful for both library patrons and staff, this resource Covers more than a dozen key subject areas, including General Reference; Philosophy, Religion, and Ethics; Psycholog...
Drug discrimination: a practical guide to its contributions to the invention of new chemical entities and evaluations of new or known pharmacological agents Drug discrimination can be described as a "drug detection" procedure that uses a pharmacologically active agent as the subjective stimulus. Although the procedure does require some effort to implement, it can be an extremely important tool for understanding drug action. Whereas medicinal chemists should come to learn the types of information that drug discrimination studies can offer, pharmacologists and psychologists might come to realize how medicinal chemists can apply the types of information that the paradigm routinely provides. Dru...
This book presents multiple facets of cancer biology, including cancer diagnosis, therapeutics to the latest developments in cancer informatics, and applications of artificial intelligence for improving oncologic care. The initial section of the book discusses factors contributing to the development and causes of cancer. The subsequent sections discuss the basic principle of imaging and therapeutic techniques, including MRI, CT, and positron emission tomography (PET) Scan. The book further, explores the implications of cancer chemotherapy on the immune system and emphasizes the effective management of cancer-related pain. Towards the end, it covers recent advancements in cancer treatment, including targeted therapy, immunotherapy, interventional radiotherapy, and stem cell-based therapy. Lastly, it summarizes essential strategic elements of cancer informatics for improving patient outcome.
Over recent years the study of addiction has moved from being a fragmented and under-developed area of science to become a forefront subject with its own identity. This book describes that fascinating process of evolution through a series of probing face-to-face interviews with the international scientists and other actors in the field who helped make the process happen. Unique in-depth interviews with 30 influential figures who have shaped modern addiction science. Ten commentaries from leading contemporary experts interpret this material by section. Recent history as base for future research planning and policy development
The Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, Second Edition, Three Voluime Set is an award-winning three-volume reference on human action and reaction, and the thoughts, feelings, and physiological functions behind those actions. Presented alphabetically by title, 300 articles probe both enduring and exciting new topics in physiological psychology, perception, personality, abnormal and clinical psychology, cognition and learning, social psychology, developmental psychology, language, and applied contexts. Written by leading scientists in these disciplines, every article has been peer-reviewed to establish clarity, accuracy, and comprehensiveness. The most comprehensive reference source to provide bot...