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A Tale Blazed Through Heaven examines developments in the representation of the classical tale of Mars, Venus, and Vulcan in the literature and painting of the Golden Age of Spain (c.1526-1681). Anchored in close analysis of individual primary texts, the five chapters that comprise this study assess how poets and painters breathed new life into the tale inherited from Homer, Ovid, and others, examining some of the ways in which the story of Mars, Venus, and Vulcan was disguised, developed, expanded, mocked, combined with or played off against different subjects, or otherwise modified in order to pique the interest of successive generations of readers and viewers. Each chapter discusses what ...
Royal treasury records of annual auctions of Indian tributes are the best source of price history for sixteenth-century Nueva Galicia. Using this data, the author has determined that from 1557 to 1598 the prices of some commodities such as maize rose more sharply than in the neighboring Audiencia of Mexico, whereas other prices, such as those for wheat, fell. The prices in the great mining center of Zacatecas, especially, differed from those in both Guadalajara and Mexico City.
"The Jew" is a classic of Portuguese literature written by Camilo Castelo Branco. Originally published in 1866, the narrative unfolds in four parts, originally in two volumes, spanning a family's story from 1699 to 1760. In the first volume, we are introduced to the ill-fated couple of lovers, Jorge de Barros and Sara de Carvalho, in the mid-1699s. Jorge, a member of a noble family in Portugal, faces the hatred and persecution of his own relatives, while Sara, whose parents were condemned to the stake by the Inquisition due to accusations of Judaism, seeks to conceal her true ancestry to avoid the same tragic fate. The plot unfolds amidst prejudices and adversities, but their story is linked...
LOPE DE VEGA (1562-1635), poet/playwright of unrivaled popularity during Spains Golden Age of literature (including Miguel de Cervantes and Caldern de la Barca), rescued theater from ineffective conventions and claimed authorship of some 1800 titles. Many of the almost 500 existing plays are stagings of pivotal events and protagonists from national history. Lope entertains his eager public with colorful stories of the passions, heroism and villainy of the high and mighty blending these with the virtues and vices of ordinary folk and stock characters. In the twilight of the once great empire, now powerless and bankrupt, Lope draws his audience into a reimagined past that is confirmed and rede...
According to legend the Constantinian Order is the oldest chivalric institution, founded by Emperor Constantine the Great and governed by successive Byzantine Emperors and their descendants. While this chronology was supported by multiple writers even into the twentieth century, it has little historical basis. Nonetheless, the Angeli, Farnese and Bourbon families which held the Grand Mastership could legitimately claim Byzantine imperial descent, albeit in the female line, and the Order’s cross replicates that seen by Constantine in the vision recorded by both Lactantius and Eusebius, writing very soon after Maximian’s defeat at the battle of the Milvian Bridge. The Order’s emergence i...
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