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X-Ray Microscopy and Spectromicroscopy
This book is based on presentations to the International Conference of X-Ray Micro scopy and Spectromicroscopy, XRM 96, which took place in Wiirzburg, August 19- 23, 1996. The conference also celebrated the lOOth anniversary of the discovery of X rays by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen on November 8, 1895, in Wiirzburg. This book contains state-of-the-art reviews and up-to-date progress reports in the field of X-ray microscopy and spectromicroscopy, including related new X-ray optics and X-ray sources. It reflects the lively activities within a relatively new field of science which combines the development of new instruments and methods with their applications to numerous topical scientific questions. The applications range from biological and medical topics, colloid physics, and soil sciences to solid-state physics, material sciences, and surface sciences. Their variety demonstrates the interdisci plinary and cooperative character of this field and the growing demand for micro scopic and spectromicroscopic information on the nanometer scale and under specific sample conditions, for example in wet (natural) surroundings or on a solid surface.
Japanese and European Private International Law in Comparative Perspective
The idea of national codification is advancing on a global scale in conflict of laws. A large number of legislative projects dealing with codifying and modernizing private international law, both on the national and the supranational level, have been launched in the past few years. Among such recent initiatives, the advances taken by the European and the Japanese legislators are particularly reflecting these developments. On January 1, 2007, the new Japanese 'Act on General Rules for Application of Laws' entered into force replacing the outdated conflict of laws statute of 1898. This major reform finds its parallels in the current efforts of the European Union to create a modern private inte...
Coherent X-ray diffractive imaging on the single-cell-level of microbial samples
Since its first experimental demonstration in 1999, Coherent X-Ray Diffractive Imaging has become one of the most promising high resolution X-Ray imaging techniques using coherent radiation produced by brilliant synchrotron storage rings. The ability to directly invert diffraction data with the help of advanced algorithms has paved the way for microscopic investigations and wave-field analyses on the spatial scale of nanometres without the need for inefficient imaging lenses. X-Ray phase contrast which is a measure of the electron density is an important contrast mode of soft biological specimens. For the case of many dominant elements of soft biological matter, the electron density can be c...
Liber Memorialis Petar Šarčević
This vast collection of scholarly writings examines a wide range of legal topics, including for example: European Private International Law of Obligations and Internal Market Legislation: A Matter of Coordination -- Balancing Sovereignty and Party Autonomy in Private International Law -- Parenthood for Same-Sex Couples: Challenges of Private International Law from a Scandinavian Perspective -- The Use of Unpublished Opinions on Relocation Law by the California Courts of Appeal: Hiding the Evidence? -- Spousal Support after Divorce under American Family Law: An Attempt to Contribute to the Alimony Debate -- Working with Children: The Balance between the Protection of Children and the Right to Work with Children -- Changing Parenthood after Divorce -- The Contribution of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules to International Commercial Arbitration -- Universalism and Tradition: The Use of Non-binding Principles in International Commercial Law -- Problems in the Implementation of WTO Law in the People's Republic of China -- Notes on the Pellegrini Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights -- Professional Traditions: The Reciprocating Ethics of Jurist and Judge
Nanoparticles in the Water Cycle
As nanotechnology enters everyday life, engineered nanoparticles (ENP) will find their way into nature, including surface and groundwater. Here, distinguished experts of water chemistry present dedicated methods for the analysis of nanoparticles in the aquatic environment, their distribution and fate. This includes the influence of complex matrices such as wastewater, brown water with natural organic matter (NOM), and high salt concentrations as well as available and future standardized methods. The background of geogenic, natural nanoparticles is considered in a discussion of known environmental effects, including strategies to test for potential effects on human and environmental health.
Decisions and Orders
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Soft X-Ray Spectromicroscopy of Environmental and Biological Samples
Soft x-ray spectromicroscopy was used to investigate environmental and biological specimens paying particular attention to their carbon content, of organic or anthropogenic origin. To be more specific, energies in the spectral region of the so-called water window, between the K absorption edges of carbon (284 eV) and oxygen (523 eV), were applied. In this region the absorbance of substances of high carbon content such as proteins is ten times higher than the absorbance of water which provides natural contrast and in turn allows for a natural or close to natural environment for such samples. The experiments presented in this thesis were chosen in such a way that either new instruments or new ...
Failed Historical Scientific Instruments
Can a scientific instrument be regarded as a failure? Why and how? By shedding light on the complexity of these questions, the volume marks a step forward in the way historical scientific instruments can be analysed and displayed. The essays show how diverse failures can be, and how the assessment of scientific devices may change over time — some surprisingly becoming more successful. In addition to studies of how technical features led to failure, the authors examine the roles played by social bias and behaviour, commercial and economic circumstances, and political factors.
Refractory Organic Substances in the Environment
Refractory organic substances (ROS) are an essential part of the biogeochemical carbon cycle. Wherever there is life on earth, there will also be ROS in the form of poorly biodegradable leftovers of organisms and as a source for new life. Furthermore, it is now beyond doubt that ROS are closely related to the carbon intensity identified as one of the driving forces in the dynamics of green house gas emission, such that ROS play a key role in sustainable development. 'Refractory Organic Substances in the Environment' provides the results of six years of top-priority research, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). This research program investigated the structure and function of ...
