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How Costly is it for Poor Farmers to Lift Themselves Out of Subsistence?
"The main objective of this paper is to provide estimates of the cost of moving out of subsistence for Madagascar's farmers. The analysis is based on a simple asset-return model of occupational choice. Estimates suggest that the entry (sunk) cost associated with moving out of subsistence can be quite large - somewhere between 124 and 153 percent of a subsistence farmer's annual production. Our results make it possible to identify farm characteristics likely to generate large gains, if moved out of subsistence, yielding useful information for the targeting of trade-adjustment assistance programs. "--World Bank web site.
The Elimination of Madagascar's Vanilla Marketing Board, Ten Years on
"This paper explores how the elimination of Madagascar's Marketing Board in 1995 affected prices paid to farmers, incentives, and regional indicators of poverty and inequality. After steadily losing market share, Madagascar has been able to regain some of the lost ground since the mid-1990s. Margins between freight on board (FOB) and farmgate prices have spectacularly narrowed down, but this effect is dwarfed by that of world-price volatility. A counterfactual analysis based on a model of Cournot competition between vanilla traders suggests that whatever limited competition there is among them has contributed to raise purchase prices and the cash income of vanilla farmers. But the effect on farmers' consumption remains small because a large part of it is self-consumed. The effect on aggregate measures of poverty and inequality is even smaller, even at the regional level. After taking into account the reduction in Madagascar's monopoly power on the world vanilla market implied by the elimination of the Marketing Board, the induced rise in producer prices is estimated to have lifted about 20,000 individuals out of poverty. "--World Bank web site.
The World Bank Research Program, 2005-2007
This pocket-sized reference on key environmental data for over 200 countries includes key indicators on agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, energy, emission and pollution, and water and sanitation. The volume helps establish a sound base of information to help set priorities and measure progress toward environmental sustainability goals.
Developing the Global South
For four decades the UN has attempted to foster development in the countries of the global south. The book provides a synopsis of these efforts, from the Brandt Commission Report to Boutros Boutros Ghali''s Agenda for Development. Prof. Milkias presents opposing arguments in allotting responsibility for the growing gap between the North and the South and details the Millennium Development Goals and assesses their successes and failures so far. He provides suggestions for closing the gap, for removing the debt burden that is currently crushing the nations of the South, and for relieving the poverty, ignorance and disease that plague so much of humanity.
Food Prices and Rural Poverty
The impact of price developments on world food markets on poor households in developing countries is an important policy question. Who gains and who loses from agricultural commodity price changes depends on the specific circumstances of households, and, at the level of nations, on the structure of production and trade. The contributions to this volume review trends in international prices and trade patterns of key food commodities, and assess the incidence of food price changes in a number of developing countries using household level data on sources of incomes and consumption patterns.
Pathways to African Export Sustainability
African export ventures often fail early, a trend that causes waste, uncertainty, and discouragement. This book shows how governments and donors can help boost African export sustainability through a mixture of traditional policy prescriptions and selected proactive interventions.
Getting the Most Out of Free Trade Agreements in Central America
The main message of the study is that Central America's ability to exploit the opportunities created by ongoing trade liberalization will depend on the ability of the region to implement a complementary policy agenda that creates an enabling policy and institutional environment.
Strengthening Bolivian Competitiveness
The government of Bolivia seeks to reinvigorate the nontraditional export sector as part of its national development strategy. This Country Study investigates the role that trade should play in Bolivia s development strategy, given the country s rich resource endowment, and examines the lessons of Bolivia s integration into the global economy. Considering the past links between trade and Bolivia s economy, the study analyzes the impact of different scenarios on growth, employment, trade flows, and poverty; it also evaluates barriers to higher export competitiveness and constraints on exporting firms. The study concludes that preferential access to world markets is necessary but not sufficient for success in nontraditional exports. Efficient services are necessary to reduce exporters costs, and the government should be more proactive in laying the foundation for export diversification, increasing the effectiveness of institutions, and addressing impediments to crossborder trade.
The Outlook for Agriculture and Rural Development in the Americas: A perspective on Latin America and the Caribbean
Provides an analysis of the evolution and trends of the agricultural sector and its four main subsectors: agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fishing and aquaculture. Addresses rural well-being and agricultural and rural institutions. Highlights the price volatility and its causes and future uncertainties as a relevant factor to be considered by decision-makers in the sector.
Economic Growth and Endogenous Authoritarian Institutions in Post-Reform China
This book analyzes the dynamic political economy of authoritarian institutions in China and attempts to answer the following questions: What is the significance of China's authoritarian institutions and the changes Xi Jinping has brought to them? Why did the Chinese elites go along with the changes that affected them negatively? Through these questions, the author unravels the mechanics of authoritarian resilience as well as its dynamics. The work reviews both literatures on China studies and comparative authoritarianism to introduce a general framework for analyzing authoritarian institutional change under dictatorships.
